Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both multifactorial in nature and share many risk factors. Vascular dementia and AD may occur together, and a substantial proportion of AD cases also have signs of cardiovascular disease, a relationship well-established by cohort studies. The risk factors could contribute to persistent smoldering inflammation, including activation of complement at sites of endothelial injury and/or by accumulation of molecular aggregates.

Methods: To examine the possible bridging points between AD and AS, we constructed a comprehensive narrative review.

Results: A connecting point between AD and AS is inflammation. Contrary to prior assumptions, a significant linkage exists between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. Activities of complement, a key effector of innate immunity, are of special interest in the pathogenesis of both diseases.

Conclusion: AS and AD share a partially overlapping array of pathophysiological mechanisms.