A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal

Solvent-based revival of carbon-based perovskite solar cells;




AuthorsAkulenko, Elena S; Hadadian, Mahboubeh; Knol, Anna; Jech, Simon; Yli-Paavola, Sirius; Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka; Miettunen, Kati

PublisherIOP Publishing

Publication year2026

Journal: Engineering research express

Article number125322

Volume8

Issue12

eISSN2631-8695

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae72f6

Publication's open availability at the time of reportingOpen Access

Publication channel's open availability Partially Open Access publication channel

Web address https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae72f6

Self-archived copy’s web addresshttps://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/527029703

Self-archived copy's licenceCC BY

Self-archived copy's versionPublisher`s PDF

Additional informationAll data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files).


Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) combine high efficiency with low-cost processing, but their rapid progress toward commercialization is challenged by insufficient end-of-life strategies. Here we present the proof-of-concept of solvent-based revival of carbon-based PSCs using the green solvent γ-valerolactone (GVL) reaching high revival rates, which requires significantly less energy compared to the production of a new device. With this revival approach, we not only recover the materials but also the structure of the whole devices, including the energy and costs invested in them in the original manufacturing, thus advancing the highest level of resource-efficient recycling within the eco-design concept. Devices subjected to the optimized protocol revived up to 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency, with a stable fill factor and only modest reductions in photocurrent and open-circuit voltage (Voc). Impedance spectroscopy revealed only a small increase in series and charge-transfer resistances, attributable to interfacial changes of the carbon/perovskite boundary, while scanning electron microscopy confirmed the preservation of the carbon scaffold and successful reinfiltration of the perovskite precursor. Energy return on investment analysis further highlighted the sustainability advantage of revival compared to single-use devices. These results establish GVL-assisted revival as a practical first-level recycling strategy for PSCs.



Keywords:
Eco-designperovskite solar cellsrecyclingrevivalSustainabilityγ-valerolactone

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Funding information in the publication
This work was funded by Research Council of Finland, ECOSOL project (E. A. M.H. and K.M., 347275, S.J. and A.S.A., 347276) E. A. thanks Fortum and Neste Foundation (20210154). M.H. acknowledges SUSMAT profiling funding (Research Council of Finland and University of Turku). S.Y. thanks Circular Materials Bioeconomy Network funded by Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland (CIMANET, Decision No. VN/3137/2024-OKM-6).


Last updated on 18/08/2026 12:39:59 PM