A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Solvent-based revival of carbon-based perovskite solar cells; 
Authors: Akulenko, Elena S; Hadadian, Mahboubeh; Knol, Anna; Jech, Simon; Yli-Paavola, Sirius; Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka; Miettunen, Kati
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Publication year: 2026
Journal: Engineering research express
Article number: 125322
Volume: 8
Issue: 12
eISSN: 2631-8695
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae72f6
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Partially Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae72f6
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/527029703
Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY
Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF
Additional information: All data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files).
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) combine high efficiency with low-cost processing, but their rapid progress toward commercialization is challenged by insufficient end-of-life strategies. Here we present the proof-of-concept of solvent-based revival of carbon-based PSCs using the green solvent γ-valerolactone (GVL) reaching high revival rates, which requires significantly less energy compared to the production of a new device. With this revival approach, we not only recover the materials but also the structure of the whole devices, including the energy and costs invested in them in the original manufacturing, thus advancing the highest level of resource-efficient recycling within the eco-design concept. Devices subjected to the optimized protocol revived up to 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency, with a stable fill factor and only modest reductions in photocurrent and open-circuit voltage (Voc). Impedance spectroscopy revealed only a small increase in series and charge-transfer resistances, attributable to interfacial changes of the carbon/perovskite boundary, while scanning electron microscopy confirmed the preservation of the carbon scaffold and successful reinfiltration of the perovskite precursor. Energy return on investment analysis further highlighted the sustainability advantage of revival compared to single-use devices. These results establish GVL-assisted revival as a practical first-level recycling strategy for PSCs.
Keywords:
Eco-design, perovskite solar cells, recycling, revival, Sustainability, γ-valerolactone
Downloadable publication This is an electronic reprint of the original article. |
Funding information in the publication:
This work was funded by Research Council of Finland, ECOSOL project (E. A. M.H. and K.M., 347275, S.J. and A.S.A., 347276) E. A. thanks Fortum and Neste Foundation (20210154). M.H. acknowledges SUSMAT profiling funding (Research Council of Finland and University of Turku). S.Y. thanks Circular Materials Bioeconomy Network funded by Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland (CIMANET, Decision No. VN/3137/2024-OKM-6).