A4 Refereed article in a conference publication
Confusion prediction from eye-tracking data: Experiments with machine learning
Authors: Joni Salminen, Mridul Nagpal, Haewoon Kwak, Jisun An, Soongyo Jung, Bernard J Jansen
Conference name: International Conference on Information Systems and Technologies
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
Publication year: 2019
Book title : icist 2019: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Systems and Technologies
Journal name in source: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series
ISBN: 978-1-4503-6292-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3361570.3361577
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/45654361
Predicting user confusion can help improve information presentation on websites, mobile apps, and virtual reality interfaces. One promising information source for such prediction is eye-tracking data about gaze movements on the screen. Coupled with think-aloud records, we explore if user's confusion is correlated with primarily fixation-level features. We find that random forest achieves an accuracy of more than 70% when prediction user confusion using only fixation features. In addition, adding user-level features (age and gender) improves the accuracy to more than 90%. We also find that balancing the classes before training improves performance. We test two balancing algorithms, Synthetic Minority Over Sampling Technique (SMOTE) and Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN) finding that SMOTE provides a higher performance increase. Overall, this research contains implications for researchers interested in inferring users' cognitive states from eye-tracking data.
Downloadable publication This is an electronic reprint of the original article. |