A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal

Circumgalactic Gas at Its Extreme: Tidal Gas Streams around the Whale Galaxy NGC 4631 Explored with HST/COS




AuthorsRichter P., Winkel B., Wakker B. P., Pingel N. M., Fox, A. J., Heald G., Walterbos R. A. M., Fechner C., Ben Bekhti N., Gentile G., Zschaechner, L.

PublisherIOP

Publication year2018

JournalAstrophysical Journal

Journal acronymApJ

Article number112

Volume868

Issue2

Number of pages12

ISSN0004-637X

eISSN1538-4357

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae838

Web address https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aae838

Self-archived copy’s web addresshttps://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/43703109


Abstract

We present a detailed analysis of the absorption properties of one of the tidal gas streams around the “Whale” galaxy NGC 4631 in the direction of the quasar 2MASS J12421031+3214268. Our study is based on ultraviolet spectral data obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and 21cm-data from the HALOGAS project and the Green Bank Telescope (GBT). We detect strong H I Lyα absorption in the velocity range +550 to +800 km s-1 related to gas from a NGC 4631 tidal stream known as Spur 2. We measure a column density of log (N(H I/cm-2)) = 18.68 ± 0.15, indicating that the quasar sightline traces the outer boundary of Spur 2 as seen in the 21 cm data. Metal absorption in Spur 2 is detected in the lines of O I, C II, Si II, and Si III in a complex absorption pattern that reflects the multiphase nature of the gas. We find that the average neutral gas fraction in Spur 2 toward 2MASS J12421031+3214268 is only 14%. This implies that ionized gas dominates the total mass of Spur 2, which then may comprise more than 109 M ☉. No significant depletion of Si is observed, showing that Spur 2 does not contain significant amounts of dust. From the measured O I/H I column density ratio, we determine an α abundance in Spur 2 of {0.13}-0.05+0.07 solar ([α/H] = -0.90±0.16), which is substantially lower than what is observed in the NGC 4631 disk. The low metallicity and low dust content suggest that Spur 2 represents metal-deficient gas stripped off a gas-rich satellite galaxy during a recent encounter with NGC 4631.


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