A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Performance Assessment of Reference Modelling Methods for Defect Evaluation in Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Putkiranta Pauli, Kurkela Matti, Ingman Matias, Keitaanniemi Aino, El Issaoui Aimad, Kaartinen Harri, Honkavaara Eija, Hyyppä Hannu, Hyyppä Juha, Vaaja Matti T.
Publisher: MDPI
Publication year: 2021
Journal: Sensors
Journal name in source: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
Journal acronym: Sensors (
Article number: 8190
Volume: 21
Issue: 24
ISSN: 1424-8220
eISSN: 1424-8220
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248190
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/68452232
The deterioration of road conditions and increasing repair deficits pose challenges for the maintenance of reliable road infrastructure, and thus threaten, for example, safety and the fluent flow of traffic. Improved and more efficient procedures for maintenance are required, and these require improved knowledge of road conditions, i.e., improved data. Three-dimensional mapping presents possibilities for large-scale collection of data on road surfaces and automatic evaluation of maintenance needs. However, the development and, specifically, evaluation of large-scale mobile methods requires reliable references. To evaluate possibilities for close-range, static, high-resolution, three-dimensional measurement of road surfaces for reference use, three measurement methods and five instrumentations are investigated: terrestrial laser scanning (TLS, Leica RTC360), photogrammetry using high-resolution professional-grade cameras (Nikon D800 and D810E), photogrammetry using an industrial camera (FLIR Grasshopper GS3-U3-120S6C-C), and structured-light handheld scanners Artec Leo and Faro Freestyle. High-resolution photogrammetry is established as reference based on laboratory measurements and point density. The instrumentations are compared against one another using cross-sections, point-point distances, and ability to obtain key metrics of defects, and a qualitative assessment of the processing procedures for each is carried out. It is found that photogrammetric models provide the highest resolutions (10-50 million points per m2) and photogrammetric and TLS approaches perform robustly in precision with consistent sub-millimeter offsets relative to one another, while handheld scanners perform relatively inconsistently. A discussion on the practical implications of using each of the examined instrumentations is presented.
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