Background
The human skin microbiota is shaped by host-specific factors such as age, diet, geography and environment. However, the interplay between these, especially host genetics and skin microbiota composition remains largely unexplored in Indians. Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic makeup, thereby providing a unique opportunity to investigate the associations between genetic relatedness, environmental variation, and microbiota composition.

Methods
We collected axillary sweat samples from thirteen monozygotic twin pairs (n = 26) and sequenced V3–V4 regions of the16S rRNA gene on Illumina.

Result
In the present study Firmicutes (Bacillota in the newly adopted LPSN/NCBI nomenclature), Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota), and Actinobacteria (Actinomycetota) were observed as the most prevalent phyla. The relative abundances of most prevalent phyla and genera varied within monozygotic twin pairs. We found that geographical location was associated with skin microbiota diversity, with alpha diversity showing a borderline association, whereas beta diversity (Jaccard index) differed significantly across the three locations. However, neither diet nor gender was significantly associated with alpha or beta diversity. Additionally, pairwise comparisons based on the Jaccard index revealed significant differences at the genus level between twins vs siblings, and siblings vs unrelated individuals; however, these differences were not significant using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index.

Conclusion
This pilot study expands the current knowledge of the skin microbiota and its association with genetic relatedness and other potential confounders. We demonstrated the association of twins’ skin microbiota composition and diversity with geographical location; however, further studies with a larger representation of monozygotic (MZ), dizygotic (DZ) and sibling-parent pairs living in different households are needed to understand the interplay between genetics, environmental variation, and skin microbiota diversity, and composition.