A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal

Chasing Gamma-Ray Signals from Binary Neutron Star Coalescences with the Cherenkov Telescope Array: Prospects and Observing Strategies;

Authors: Abe, S.; Abhir, J.; Abhishek, A.; Acero, F.; Acharyya, A.; Adam, R.; Aguasca-Cabot, A.; Agudo, I.; Albanese, I.; Alfaro, J.; Alispach, C.; Alves Batista, R.; Amato, E.; Ambrosi, G.; Ambrosino, D.; Ambrosino, F.; Angel, L.; Aramo, C.; Arbet-Engels, A.; Arcaro, C.; Arena, C.; Arnesen, T. T. H.; Asano, K.; Ashkar, H.; Bakshi, C.; Balazs, C.; Balbo, M.; Baquero Larriva, A.; Barbosa Martins, V.; Barrio, J. A.; Bartolini, C.; Batković, I.; Batzofin, R.; Bavdaz, N.; Becerra González, J.; Beck, G.; Benbow, W.; Bernardini, E.; Bernardini, M. G.; Bernete, J.; Berti, A.; Bertucci, B.; Beshley, V.; Bhattacharjee, P.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Bissaldi, E.; Blaña, M.; Blanch, O.; Blazek, J.; Boisson, C.; Bonnoli, G.; Bosnjak, Z.; Bottacini, E.; Böttcher, M.; Bronzini, E.; Brunelli, G.; Buces Sáez, J.; Bulgarelli, A.; Bulik, T.; Burmistrov, L.; Calisse, P. G.; Campoy-Ordaz, A.; Cantlay, B. K.; Capasso, G.; Caproni, A.; Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R.; Cardillo, M.; Caroff, S.; Carosi, A.; Carquin, E.; Casanova, S.; Cascone, E.; Cassol, F.; Castignani, G.; Catalani, F.; Cerasole, D.; Cerruti, M.; Cerviño Cortínez, A.; Chadwick, P. M.; Chaty, S.; Chen, A. W.; Chen, Y.; Chernyakova, M.; Chiavassa, A.; Chon, G.; Chudoba, J.; Chytka, L.; Cicciari, G. M.; Cifuentes Santos, A.; Coimbra Araujo, C. H.; Contreras, J. L.; Cornejo, B.; Cortina, J.; Costa, A.; Cotter, G.; Cristofari, P.; Cuevas, O.; Curtis-Ginsberg, Z.; D’Aì, A.; D’Amico, G.; D’Ammando, F.; D’Avanzo, P.; Da Vela, P.; David, L.; Dazzi, F.; de Bony de Lavergne, M.; De Caprio, V.; de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M.; De Lotto, B.; de Naurois, M.; de Souza, V.; del Peral, L.; del Valle, M. V.; Delgado, C.; della Volpe, D.; Depaoli, D.; Dettlaff, A.; Di Bella, L.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Piano, A.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Tria, R.; Di Venere, L.; Dima, R.; Dinesh, A.; Do Souto Espiñeira, E.; Dominis Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Dörner, J.; Doro, M.; Ducci, L.; Dwarkadas, V. V.; Ebr, J.; Eckner, C.; Egberts, K.; Eisenberger, L.; Elsässer, D.; Emery, G.; Escañuela Nieves, C.; Escarate, P.; Escobar Godoy, M.; Escudero Pedrosa, J.; Esposito, P.; Falceta-Goncalves, D.; Fedorova, E.; Fegan, S.; Feijen, K.; Feng, Q.; Ferrand, G.; Fiandrini, E.; Fiasson, A.; Filipovic, M.; Fioretti, V.; Foffano, L.; Fontaine, G.; Frías García-Lago, F.; Fukazawa, Y.; Fukui, Y.; Galanti, G.; Galaz, G.; Gallozzi, S.; Gammaldi, V.; García Soto, S.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasbarra, C.; Gasparrini, D.; Gaug, M.; Ghirlanda, G.; Giesbrecht Formiga Paiva, J. G.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Giroletti, M.; Giuffrida, R.; Glicenstein, J.-F.; Goldoni, P.; González, J. M.; Goulart Coelho, J.; Gradetzke, T.; Granot, J.; Grau, R.; Green, D.; Green, J. G.; Grube, J.; Hackfeld, J.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Hamal, P.; Hanlon, W.; Hara, S.; Harvey, V. M.; Hassan, T.; Hayashi, K.; Hess, B.; Heckmann, L.; Hiroshima, N.; Hnatyk, B.; Hnatyk, R.; Horan, D.; Horvath, P.; Hrupec, D.; Hussain, S.; Iarlori, M.; Inada, T.; Incardona, F.; Inoue, S.; Iocco, F.; Iuliano, A.; Jahanvi; Jamrozy, M.; Janecek, P.; Jankowsky, F.; Jarnot, C.; Jaroschewski, I.; Jean, P.; Jilek, V.; Jiménez Martínez, I.; Jimenez Quiles, J.; Jin, W.; Joshi, E.; Jurysek, J.; Karas, V.; Katagiri, H.; Kataoka, J.; Kaufmann, S.; Keita, T.; Kerszberg, D.; Kherlakian, M.; Kieda, D. B.; Kissmann, R.; Kleiner, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kohri, K.; Kolar, D.; Komin, N.; Kong, A.; Kosack, K.; Kostunin, D.; Kowal, G.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; La Barbera, A.; La Palombara, N.; Lacave, B.; Láinez, M.; Lamastra, A.; Lapington, J.; Lazarević, S.; Lenain, J.-P.; Leone, F.; Leonora, E.; Leto, G.; Lindfors, E.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López-Coto, R.; López-Moya, M.; López-Oramas, A.; Lozano Bahilo, J.; Luque-Escamilla, P. L.; Lyard, E.; Macias, O.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mandat, D.; Mangano, S.; Marchetti, A.; Mariotti, M.; Markoff, S.; Márquez, I.; Marsella, G.; Martí, J.; Martín Domínguez, D.; Martínez, M.; Martinez, O.; Maurin, G.; Mazin, D.; Melkumyan, D.; Menon, S.; Mestre, E.; Meyer, D. M.-A.; Miceli, D.; Miceli, M.; Michailidis, M.; Miener, T.; Miranda, J. M.; Moderski, R.; Molero, M.; Molfese, C.; Molina, E.; Morik, K.; Morselli, A.; Moulin, E.; Müller, A. L.; Munari, K.; Murach, T.; Muraczewski, A.; Muraishi, H.; Nakamori, T.; Nava, L.; Nemmen, R.; Niemiec, J.; Nieto, D.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nikołajuk, M.; Nikolić, L.; Noda, K.; Nosek, D.; Novotny, V.; Nozaki, S.; Okumura, A.; Ong, R. A.; Orito, R.; Orlandini, M.; Orlando, E.; Orlando, S.; Otero-Santos, J.; Oya, I.; Ozlati Moghadam, M.; Pagliaro, A.; Palatiello, M.; Pandey, A.; Panebianco, G.; Paneque, D.; Pantaleo, F. R.; Paredes, J. M.; Patricelli, B.; Pe’er, A.; Pech, M.; Pecimotika, M.; Peresano, M.; Peretti, E.; Pérez-Romero, J.; Peron, G.; Perrotta, F.; Persic, M.; Petruk, O.; Pfeifle, F.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pihet, M.; Pinchbeck, L.; Pintore, F.; Pirola, G.; Pittori, C.; Podobnik, F.; Pohl, M.; Pollet, V.; Ponti, G.; Prandini, E.; Principe, G.; Prouza, M.; Pueschel, E.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pumo, M. L.; Punch, M.; Quirrenbach, A.; Rainò, S.; Rando, R.; Recchia, S.; Reimer, A.; Reimer, O.; Reis, I.; Reisenegger, A.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Ricci, C.; Richtler, T.; Rico, J.; Riitano, L.; Rizi, V.; Roache, E.; Rodriguez Fernandez, G.; Rodríguez‑Vázquez, J. J.; Romano, P.; Romeo, G.; Rosado, J.; Rosales de Leon, A.; Roy, A.; Sadeh, I.; Saha, L.; Saito, T.; Sánchez‑Conde, M.; Sangiorgi, P.; Sano, H.; Santos‑Lima, R.; Sapienza, V.; Sarkar, S.; Saturni, F. G.; Scherer, A.; Schiavone, F.; Schipani, P.; Schovanek, P.; Schussler, F.; Seglar Arroyo, M.; Sergijenko, O.; Siejkowski, H.; Simongini, A.; Sliusar, V.; Slowikowska, A.; Sofia, I.; Sol, H.; Spinello, S.; Stamerra, A.; Stanič, S.; Starecki, T.; Starling, R.; Stawarz, Ł.; Stolarczyk, T.; Suda, Y.; Sunny, A.; Suomijarvi, T.; Takeishi, R.; Tanaka, S. J.; Tavecchio, F.; Tavernier, T.; Terada, Y.; Teshima, M.; Testa, V.; Tian, W. W.; Tian, Y.; Tibaldo, L.; Tibolla, O.; Tingay, S. J.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Tombesi, F.; Tonev, D.; Torradeflot, F.; Torres, D. F.; Tothill, N.; Tovmassian, G.; Tripodo, G.; Trois, A.; Tsiahina, A.; Tutone, A.; Vaclavek, L.; Vacula, M.; van Eldik, C.; Vandenbroucke, J.; Vassiliev, V.; Vázquez Acosta, M.; Vecchi, M.; Vercellone, S.; Vergani, S. D.; Viale, I.; Viana, A.; Vigliano, A.; Vignatti, J.; Vigorito, C. F.; Villanueva, J.; Visentin, E.; Voitsekhovskyi, V.; Vorobiov, S.; Vovk, I.; Vuillaume, T.; Walter, R.; Wechakama, M.; White, M.; Wierzcholska, A.; Will, M.; Wohlleben, F.; Wolter, A.; Xotta, F.; Yamamoto, T.; Yamazaki, R.; Yoshikoshi, T.; Zacharias, M.; Zaharijas, G.; Zanmar Sanchez, R.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zech, A.; Zhdanov, V. I.; Živec, M.; Zuriaga‑Puig, J.; (CTAO Consortium); Colombo, A.

Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing

Publication year: 2026

Journal: Astrophysical Journal

Article number: 46

Volume: 1004

Issue: 1

ISSN: 0004-637X

eISSN: 1538-4357

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae658c

Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access

Publication channel's open availability : Open Access publication channel

Web address : https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae658c

Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/533830735

Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY

Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF

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Funding information in the publication: 
CTAO consortium acknowledgments. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organizations:

State Committee of Science of Armenia, Armenia; The Australian Research Council, Astronomy Australia Ltd, The University of Adelaide, Australian National University, Monash University, The University of New South Wales, The University of Sydney, and the Western Sydney University, Australia; Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research, and Innsbruck University, Austria; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná—Fundação Araucária, and the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency, Canada; ANID PIA/APOYO AFB230003, ANID-Chile Basal grant FB 210003, Núcleo Milenio TITANs (NCN19-058), FONDECYT-Chile grants 1201582, 1210131, 1230345, and 1240904; Croatian Science Foundation, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, and the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS LM2018105, LM2023047, EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016007, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754, and CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632, Czech Republic; Academy of Finland (grant nr.317636 and 320045), Finland; Ministry of Higher Education and Research, CNRS-INSU and CNRS-IN2P3, CEA-Irfu, ANR, Regional Council Ile de France, Labex ENIGMASS, OCEVU, OSUG2020 and P2IO, France; The German Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (BMFTR), the Max Planck Society, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, with Collaborative Research Centre 1491), and the Helmholtz Association, Germany; Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Science and Technology, India; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), MIUR, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF-OABRERA) Grant Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia ID 2014-1980/RST_ERC, Italy; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, and MEXT, Japan; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands; University of Oslo, Norway; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, DIR/WK/2017/12, the National Centre for Research and Development and the National Science Centre, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00583, Poland; Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency, grants P1-0031, I0-E018, J1-60014, Slovenia; South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation through the South African Gamma-Ray Astronomy Programme, South Africa; the Spanish groups acknowledge funds from “ERDF A way of making Europe,” the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and the Spanish Research State Agency (AEI) via MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, grants CNS2023-144504, PDC2023-145839-I00, PID2022-137810NB-C22, PID2022-139117NB-C41/C42/C43/C44, PID2022-136828NB-C41/C42, PID2022-138172NB-C41/C42/C43, PID2021-124581OB-I00, PID2021-125331NB-I00, and budget lines 28.06.000X.411.01 and 28.06.000X.711.04 of PGE 2023, 2024 and 2025; the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa” program through grants no. CEX2019-000920-S, CEX2020-001007-S, CEX2021-001131-S; the “Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu” program through grants no. CEX2019-000918-M and CEX2020-001058-M; the “Ramón y Cajal” program through grant RYC2021-032991-I; and the “Juan de la Cierva” program through grants no. JDC2022-048916-I and JDC2022-049705-I. We also acknowledge the projects with refs. PR47/21 TAU and TEC-2024/TEC-182, both funded by the Comunidad de Madrid regional government. Funds were also granted by the “Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación” of the regional government of Andalucía (Refs. AST22_00001_9 and AST22_0001_16) and “Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación” (Ref. FQM-322); and by the “Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente” FEDER 2014-2020 (Refs. ESFRI-2017-IAC-12 and ESFRI-2020-01-IAC-12) and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 15% co-financed by “Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento” of the Gobierno de Canarias regional government. The Generalitat de Catalunya regional government is also gratefully acknowledged via its “CERCA” program and grants 2021SGR 00426 and 2021SGR 00679. The Spanish groups were also kindly supported by European Union funds via the Horizon Europe Research and innovation program under Grant Agreement no. 101131928; NextGenerationEU, grants no. PRTR-C17.I1, CT19/23-INVM-109, and the “MicroStars” ERC, ref. 101076533. This research used computing and storage resources provided by the Port d’Informació Científica (PIC) data center; Swedish Research Council, Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Lunarc (Lund), Sweden; State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; The National Research Foundation of Ukraine (project 2023.03/0149 and 2023.05/0024), Ukraine; Durham University, Leverhulme Trust, Liverpool University, University of Leicester, University of Oxford, Royal Society, and the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; U.S. National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Barnard College, University of California, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics (INPAC-MRPI program), Iowa State University, the Smithsonian Institution, V.V.D. is funded by NSF grant AST-1911061, Washington University McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, and The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, USA. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreements No 262053 and No 317446. This project is receiving funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under agreement No 676134.

F. Schüssler acknowledges ANR (French National Research Agency) for its support of the project “Multimessenger Observations of the Transient Sky (MOTS)” under grant No. ANR-22-CE31-0012.

A. Colombo and A. Stamerra acknowledge partial financial support by Italian Research Center on High Performance Computing Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC), project funded by European Union—NextGenerationEU—and National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)—Mission 4 Component 2 within the activities of Spoke 2 (Fundamental Research and Space Economy), (CN 00000013 - CUP C53C22000350006)

A. Stamerra acknowledges financial support from INAF through the “Ricerca Fondamentale 2024” on the GO/GTO program titled “Discovering the New TeV Frontier of Gravitational Wave Counterparts through Follow-up Observations with the MAGIC Telescopes.”

L. Nava acknowledges financial support from the European Union-Next Generation EU, PRIN 2022 RFF M4C21.1 (202298J7KT - PEACE)

Software: Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018; Astropy Collaboration, et al. 2022), gammapy (A. Donath et al. 2023), Sensipy (J. G. Green et al. 2026), tilepy (M. Seglar-Arroyo et al. 2024).