A4 Refereed article in a conference publication
A Bridge-Server Framework for FMU-Based Co-Simulation Across Industrial Communication Protocols
Authors: Klemets, Kristian; Böling, Jari; Manngård, Mikael
Editors: N/A
Conference name: European Control Conference
Publication year: 2026
Journal: European Control Conference
Book title : 2026 European Control Conference (ECC)
First page : 3102
Last page: 3108
ISBN: 979-8-3315-5755-3
eISBN: 978-3-907144-13-8
ISSN: 2996-8917
eISSN: 2996-8895
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: No Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : No Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11625298
Functional Mock-up Units in the Loop (FMUiL) is an open-source Python package that combines the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and OPC UA standards. It allows co-simulation between software, hardware, and models created with different tools. This paper builds on FMUiL by introducing a set of bridge servers, that link the OPC UA communication layer with various industrial communication protocols. This improvement enables a wide range of external hardware to connect to the co-simulation environment, and allows for comparing communication protocol performance in control applications. In this study, bridge servers are configured for three popular industrial protocols: Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP, and MQTT. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed architecture is validated with a case study that involves a simulated lube-oil cooling system connected to an external discrete-time proportional–integral (PI) controller using each of the supported protocols. The results demonstrate the flexibility of the extended FMUiL framework for hardware-in-the-loop testing, and its potential for broader applications in cyber-physical and industrial automation systems.
Funding information in the publication:
This research was funded by Business Finland under Grant 7316/31/2023 ”Virtual Sea Trial”.