A4 Refereed article in a conference publication

A Bridge-Server Framework for FMU-Based Co-Simulation Across Industrial Communication Protocols




AuthorsKlemets, Kristian; Böling, Jari; Manngård, Mikael

EditorsN/A

Conference nameEuropean Control Conference

Publication year2026

Journal: European Control Conference

Book title 2026 European Control Conference (ECC)

First page 3102

Last page3108

ISBN979-8-3315-5755-3

eISBN978-3-907144-13-8

ISSN2996-8917

eISSN2996-8895

Publication's open availability at the time of reportingNo Open Access

Publication channel's open availability No Open Access publication channel

Web address https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11625298


Abstract

Functional Mock-up Units in the Loop (FMUiL) is an open-source Python package that combines the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and OPC UA standards. It allows co-simulation between software, hardware, and models created with different tools. This paper builds on FMUiL by introducing a set of bridge servers, that link the OPC UA communication layer with various industrial communication protocols. This improvement enables a wide range of external hardware to connect to the co-simulation environment, and allows for comparing communication protocol performance in control applications. In this study, bridge servers are configured for three popular industrial protocols: Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP, and MQTT. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed architecture is validated with a case study that involves a simulated lube-oil cooling system connected to an external discrete-time proportional–integral (PI) controller using each of the supported protocols. The results demonstrate the flexibility of the extended FMUiL framework for hardware-in-the-loop testing, and its potential for broader applications in cyber-physical and industrial automation systems.


Funding information in the publication
This research was funded by Business Finland under Grant 7316/31/2023 ”Virtual Sea Trial”.


Last updated on 10/08/2026 09:53:34 AM