A2 Refereed review article in a scientific journal
Translation of network mapping findings into therapeutic targets for transcranial magnetic stimulation; 
Authors: Younger, Ellen F.P.; Ellis, Elizabeth G.; Morrison-Ham, Jordan; Cash, Robin F.H.; Rogasch, Nigel C.; Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo; Horn, Andreas; Fried, Peter J.; Joutsa, Juho; Corp, Daniel T.
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Publication year: 2026
Journal: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Article number: 100314
Volume: 7
eISSN: 3050-5291
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transm.2026.100314
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transm.2026.100314
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/526490887
Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY
Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to effectively treat certain brain disorders, such as major depressive disorder, and holds great promise for other neurological and psychiatric symptoms. However, despite the increase in the number of trials conducted, the discovery of novel clinical applications of TMS has been limited. A key limiting factor is the absence of a priori methods capable of reliably localising symptom-specific targets in the brain that will respond to TMS. Network mapping methods have taken a different approach to prior neuroimaging techniques by mapping the structural or functional connections of brain abnormalities (e.g. locations of causal lesions or brain atrophy) to identify brain networks commonly connected to these focal abnormalities. Retrospective analyses have demonstrated overlap with current targets for clinical neuromodulation, and recently, studies have begun to prospectively target these networks with TMS. However, the translation of network mapping findings to TMS trials is not straightforward. The present review discusses how researchers can use the information provided by network mapping to help translate these findings to TMS trials, with an emphasis on target localisation. We first summarise the evidence for network mapping to identify targets for TMS, and then offer pragmatic guidance on target selection based on the on the nature of the network mapping results, feasibility and tolerability of TMS to the target, and considering the TMS electric field distribution in the brain. Overall, this review facilitates the translation of network mapping findings into novel targets for TMS trials in a range of brain disorders.
Keywords:
Brain lesion, Clinical translation, Network mapping, Neuromodulation therapy
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Funding information in the publication:
E.F.P.Y was funded by the Deakin University Postgraduate Research Scholarship. E.G.E was supported by personal grant from the Sigrid Juselius foundation. J.M.H has no funding to disclose. RFHC is funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (2017527, 2032454). In the last 5 years, NCR has received funding from the Australian Research Council (ARC), the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and CMAX Clinical Research PTY LTD. A.H. was supported by the Schilling Foundation, the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 424778381—TRR 295), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DynaSti grant within the EU Joint Programme Neurodegenerative Disease Research, JPND), the National Institutes of Health (R01MH130666, 1R01NS127892–01, 2R01 MH113929 & UM1NS132358) as well as the New Venture Fund (FFOR Seed Grant). A.H. also reports lecture fees for Boston Scientific, is a consultant for Modulight.bio, was a consultant for FxNeuromodulation and Abbott in recent years and serves as a co-inventor on a patent granted to Charité University Medicine Berlin that covers multisymptom DBS fiberfiltering and an automated DBS parameter suggestion algorithm (patent #LU103178) unrelated to present work. J.J. has received support from the Research Council of Finland, Finnish Medical Foundation, Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, Signe & Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Finnish Parkinson Foundation, and Turku University Hospital (VTR, internal research funding), and reports lecturer honoraria from Insightec, Addiktum, Lunbeck, Novartis and Nordic Infucare; consultant fees from Adamant Health, Summaryx and Teva Finland; travel support from Insightec, Abbvie and Abbott; acts as an advisory board member for Teva Finland; and owns stock of NeuroLogic Finland and Suomen Neurolaboratorio. D.C. was supported by the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation under award number DMRF-BCAD-2023–1.
