The religious and cultural diversification of European societies challenges social work to broaden the professional knowledge base and expertise. In our research project (https:// sites.utu.fi/sowrel/) and presentation, we combine theoretical frameworks from studies of religion with social research to develop social work theory and practice. We also focus on ethical and methodological considerations in research concerning minorities and sensitive topics.

In social work, diversity has been examined from the perspectives of multiculturalism, anti racism, decolonisation, and intersectionality, among others. We take the theoretical discussion further by stating that, in addition to these approaches, it is necessary to study and better understand the significance of religion, especially in communities where religion strongly defines lifestyles and values. Since religious and cultural meanings are often intertwined, we examine religion in relation to cultural meanings. We ask, how religiosity and cultural meanings are perceived and recognised in social work, what kind of skilled interpretation of religions and cultural meanings, as well as theoretical, practical, and ethical expertise are needed in social work practice and research with religious and cultural minorities.

In individual and community-based social work, recognising the diverse meanings and values associated with religion and having flexible interaction skills can be seen as essential parts of professional competence. This is important in order that the experiences and participation of individuals and communities classified or identified as minorities are considered, and that social work can be meaningful and effective from the clients' perspective. Religion may serve as an essential marker of identity, and it shouldn´t be ignored in social work striving for change, especially concerning complex client cases and community work. The significance of religious communities can be understood as both a resource and potential constraint on individual well-being.

We use theories from religious and cultural studies alongside social science frameworks. Smart's (1998) model of the seven dimensions of religion distinguishes between the ritual, mythical, experiential, institutional, ethical, doctrinal, and symbolic dimensions of religion. Perceptions of the helping process are influenced by cultural meanings, and sometimes linked to religiosity. Thus, religious and cultural meanings may transfer to clients' subjective goals, which are important for the success of client work. (Knitter 2010.) By the concept of religious literacy, we mean an active understanding of the significance and impact of religion or irreligion on people's choices and actions.

The data of our study consists of interviews with social workers and members of the Muslim community, autoethnographic field research, and writings by specialising social workers, in Finland. In addition, we organise workshops involving religious and cultural minorities, such as Muslim, Laestadian, and Roma, to enable a critical and multi-voiced examination of the project's results and implementation. Our presentation examines how the frameworks of religion studies complement social work theory in facilitating the practical interpretations in social work, using examples from the results of our research.