A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Photometry and Spectroscopy of SN 2024pxl: A Luminosity Link among Type Iax Supernovae
Authors: Singh, Mridweeka; Kwok, Lindsey A.; Jha, Saurabh W.; Dastidar, R.; Larison, Conor; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Andrews, Jennifer E.; Andrews, Moira; Anupama, G. C.; Arunachalam, Prasiddha; Auchettl, Katie; Banhidi, Dominik; Barna, Barnabas; Bostroem, K. Azalee; Brink, Thomas G.; Cartier, Regis; Chen, Ping; Christy, Collin T.; Coulter, David A.; Covarrubias, Sofia; Davis, Kyle W.; Dickinson, Connor B.; Dong, Yize; Farah, Joseph; Flors, Andreas; Foley, Ryan J.; Franz, Noah; Fremling, Christoffer; Galbany, Lluis; Gangopadhyay, Anjasha; Garg, Aarna; Gates, Elinor L.; Graur, Or; Gordon, Alexa C.; Hiramatsu, Daichi; Hoang, Emily; Howell, D. Andrew; Hsu, Brian; Johansson, Joel; Joshi, Arti; Kahinga, Lordrick A.; Kaur, Ravjit; Kumar, Sahana; Kumnurdmanee, Piramon; Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo; LeBaron, Natalie; Lidman, C.; Liu, Chang; Maeda, Keiichi; Maguire, Kate; Martin, Bailey; McCully, Curtis; Mehta, Darshana; Menotti, Luca M.; Metevier, Anne J.; Miller, A. A.; Misra, Kuntal; Murphey, C. Tanner; Newsome, Megan; Padilla Gonzalez, Estefania; Patra, Kishore C.; Pearson, Jeniveve; Piro, Anthony L.; Polin, Abigail; Ravi, Aravind P.; Rest, Armin; Rehemtulla, Nabeel; Meza Retamal, Nicolas; Robinson, O. M.; Rojas-Bravo, Cesar; Sahu, Devendra K.; Sand, David J.; Schmidt, Brian P.; Schulze, Steve; Schwab, Michaela; Shrestha, Manisha; Siebert, Matthew R.; Simha, Sunil; Smith, Nathan; Sollerman, Jesper; Srivastav, Shubham; Subrayan, Bhagya M.; Szalai, Tamas; Taggart, Kirsty; Teja, Rishabh Singh; Terwel, Jacco H.; Tinyanont, Samaporn; Valenti, Stefano; Vinko, Jozsef; Westerling, Aya L.; Wheeler, J. Craig; Yang, Yi; Zheng, Weikang
Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing
Publication year: 2026
Journal: Astrophysical Journal
Article number: 227
Volume: 999
Issue: 2
ISSN: 0004-637X
eISSN: 1538-4357
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae4318
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae4318
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/523521792
Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY
Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF
We present extensive ultraviolet to optical photometric and optical to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic follow-up observations of the nearby intermediate-luminosity (MV = −16.81 ± 0.19 mag) Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax) 2024pxl in NGC 6384. SN 2024pxl exhibits a faster light curve than the high-luminosity members of this class, and slower than low-luminosity events. The observationally well-constrained rise time of ∼11 days and an estimated synthesized 56Ni mass of 0.03 M⊙, based on analytical modeling of the integrated spectral energy distribution light curve, are consistent with models of the weak deflagration of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. Our optical spectral sequence of SN 2024pxl shows weak Si ii lines and spectral evolution similar to other high-luminosity SNe Iax, but also a prominent early-time C ii line, like lower-luminosity SNe Iax. The late-time optical spectrum of SN 2024pxl closely matches that of SN 2014dt, and its NIR spectral evolution aligns with that of other well-studied, high-luminosity SNe Iax. The spectral-line expansion velocities of SN 2024pxl are at the lower end of the SNe Iax velocity distribution, and the velocity distribution of iron-group elements compared to intermediate-mass elements suggests that the ejecta are mixed on large scales, as expected in pure deflagration models. SN 2024pxl exhibits characteristics intermediate between those of high-luminosity and low-luminosity SNe Iax, further establishing a link across this diverse class.
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Funding information in the publication:
We acknowledge Weizmann Interactive Supernova data Repository (WISeREP) at https://www.wiserep.org (O. Yaron & A. Gal-Yam 2012). This research has made use of the CfA Supernova Archive, which is funded in part by the NSF through grant AST-0907903. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA.
M.S. acknowledges financial support provided under the National Post Doctoral Fellowship (N-PDF; File No.: PDF/2023/002244) by the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), Government of India. L.A.K. is supported by a CIERA Postdoctoral Fellowship.
Support for this research at Rutgers University (S.W.J., C.L., M.S.) was provided by NSF award AST-2407567.
A.A.M., C.L., and N.R. are supported by DoE award #DE-SC0025599. MMT and Keck Observatory access for N.R. and C.L. was supported by Northwestern University and the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA). A.C.G. and the Fong Group at Northwestern acknowledge support by the NSF under grants AST-1909358, AST-2206494, AST-2308182, and CAREER grant AST-2047919.
G.C.A. thanks the Indian National Science Academy for support under the INSA Senior Scientist Program. A.F. acknowledges support by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ERC Advanced Grant KILONOVA #885281) and the State of Hesse within the Cluster Project ELEMENTS. C.L. acknowledges support from DOE award DE-SC0010008 to Rutgers University. M.R.S. is supported by the STScI Postdoctoral Fellowship.
Time-domain research by the University of Arizona team and D.J.S. is supported by NSF grants 2108032, 2308181, 2407566, and 2432036 and the Heising-Simons Foundation under grant #2020-1864. Time-domain research by the University of California, Davis team and S.V. is supported by NSF grant AST-2407565. K.A.B. is supported by an LSST-DA Catalyst Fellowship; this publication was thus made possible through the support of grant 62192 from the John Templeton Foundation to LSST-DA. N.F. acknowledges support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant DGE-2137419.
J.E.A. is supported by the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF’s NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the NSF, on behalf of the Gemini partnership of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America. J.A.V. acknowledges the Postgraduate School of the Universidad de Antofagasta for its support and allocated grants. R.D. acknowledges funds from ANID grant FONDECYT Postdoctorado #3220449.
A.V.F.’s group at UC Berkeley received financial assistance from the Christopher R. Redlich Fund, as well as donations from Gary and Cynthia Bengier, Clark and Sharon Winslow, Alan Eustace and Kathy Kwan, William Draper, Timothy and Melissa Draper, Briggs and Kathleen Wood, Sanford Robertson (W.Z. is a Bengier-Winslow-Eustace Specialist in Astronomy, T.G.B. is a Draper-Wood-Robertson Specialist in Astronomy, Y.Y. was a Bengier–Winslow–Robertson Fellow in Astronomy), and numerous other donors.
K. Maguire acknowledges funding from Horizon Europe ERC grant 101125877. J.H.T. acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant 758638. T.T. acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-2205314 and the NASA ADAP award 80NSSC23K1130. K. Maede acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI grants JP24KK0070, JP24H01810, and JP20H00174, and from JSPS Bilateral Joint Research Project (JPJSBP120229923). K. Misra acknowledges support from the BRICS grant DST/ICD/BRICS/Call-5/CoNMuTraMO/2023 (G) funded by the DST, India. J.V. is supported by NKFIH-OTKA grant K142534. G.C.A. thanks the Indian National Science Academy for support under the INSA Senior Scientist Program. M.R.S. is supported by the STScI Postdoctoral Fellowship. B.B. received support from the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office grants OTKA PD-147091. L.G. acknowledges financial support from AGAUR, CSIC, MCIN, and AEI 10.13039/501100011033 under projects PID2023-151307NB-I00, PIE 20215AT016, CEX2020-001058-M, ILINK23001, COOPB2304, and 2021-SGR-01270. H.K. was funded by the Research Council of Finland projects 324504, 328898, and 353019. D.A.H., G.H., and C.M. were supported by NSF grants AST-1313484 and AST-1911225
