A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Ground level enhancement GLE #77 on 11 November 2025: a data summary
Authors: Mishev, A. L.; Larsen, N.; Heber, B.; Petrov, N.; Klein, K. -L.; Nikonov, N.; Vainio, R.; Masson, S.; Pesce-Rollins, M.; Raukunen, O.; Kress, B. T.; Bindi, V.; Gerontidou, M.; Hörlöck, M.; Koldobskiy, S.; Riihonen, E.; Rodriguez, J. V.; Usoskin, I.
Publisher: Pergamon Press
Publication year: 2026
Journal: Advances in Space Research
Volume: 77
Issue: 9
First page : 9764
Last page: 9783
ISSN: 0273-1177
eISSN: 1879-1948
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2026.03.023
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Partially Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2026.03.023
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/523358360
Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY
Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF
A very strong solar energetic particle event took place on 11-Nov-2025. It was registered by the worldwide network of neutron monitors as a ground-level enhancement (GLE) #77, which appeared to be one of the strongest registered GLEs. The peak and integral intensities of GLE #77 reached about 125 (165) % and 600 (800) %hr, respectively, for standard (bare) neutron monitors. It had a complicated, multi-component anisotropic structure caused by the complexity of the solar coronal and heliospheric conditions. In this work, verified datasets related to this event are provided along with general analyses. The solar and heliospheric conditions are overviewed, including the analysis of solar radio-emission and the location of the primary particle acceleration. Measurements of solar energetic particles in space, near the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point (L1) onboard the SOHO spacecraft, and in geostationary orbit onboard the GOES-19 spacecraft, are presented, revealing a long-duration, hard-spectrum intense solar particle event. The analysed event produced radiation hazards at high-latitude flight-altitude regions and triggered multiple GLE alarms in the monitoring systems. This work presents a solid, verified basis for a comprehensive, detailed analysis of GLE #77 produced by a strong eruptive event on the Sun.A very strong solar energetic particle event took place on 11-Nov-2025. It was registered by the worldwide network of neutron monitors as a ground-level enhancement (GLE) #77, which appeared to be one of the strongest registered GLEs. The peak and integral intensities of GLE #77 reached about 125 (165) % and 600 (800) %hr, respectively, for standard (bare) neutron monitors. It had a complicated, multi-component anisotropic structure caused by the complexity of the solar coronal and heliospheric conditions. In this work, verified datasets related to this event are provided along with general analyses. The solar and heliospheric conditions are overviewed, including the analysis of solar radio-emission and the location of the primary particle acceleration. Measurements of solar energetic particles in space, near the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point (L1) onboard the SOHO spacecraft, and in geostationary orbit onboard the GOES-19 spacecraft, are presented, revealing a long-duration, hard-spectrum intense solar particle event. The analysed event produced radiation hazards at high-latitude flight-altitude regions and triggered multiple GLE alarms in the monitoring systems. This work presents a solid, verified basis for a comprehensive, detailed analysis of GLE #77 produced by a strong eruptive event on the Sun.
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Funding information in the publication:
We acknowledge partial support from the European Union under the ERC Synergy Grant (GA 101166910) and the Horizon Europe Program projects ALBATROS (GA 101077071) and SPEARHEAD (GA 101135044). This work and the ROZH neutron monitor are partially supported by the National Science Fund of Bulgaria under contract KP-06-H64/3. Work in the University of Turku was carried out under the umbrella of the Finnish Center of Excellence in Research of Sustainable Space (Research Council of Finland Grant No. 352847). The Electron, Proton and Helium Instrument (EPHIN) is supported under Grant 50 OC 2302 by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft through the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR). Work at Paris Observatory was supported by the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and by the Action Thématique Soleil-Terre of CNRS. The Haleakala neutron monitor (HLEA) and the associated work at the University of Hawai’i were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under award number NSF 2149809. The Kiel team received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 870405. The team would like to thank the crew of the Polarstern and the AWI for supporting our research campaign. We benefited from the support of the International Space Science Institute (Bern, Switzerland) project No. 585 REASSESS. The GLE Alert++ system forms part of ESA’s network of space weather services and service development activities and is supported under ESA Contract 4000134036/21/D/MRP. Work at the University of Colorado was supported by NOAA cooperative agreement NA22OAR4320151
