Maternal psychological distress may have adverse effects on child socioemotional development. However, supportive social networks and participation in out-of-home childcare may serve as key protective factors and promote positive developmental outcomes. This study investigated whether maternal cumulative psychological distress is associated with children's (n = 528) social competence at the age of 5 years (M = 5.02, SD = 0.08) in Finland. Latent profile analyses (LPA) were conducted to identify latent classes of maternal cumulative symptoms of depression, anxiety, and parenting stress. Associations between these profiles and children's prosocial and antisocial behavior were examined. Additionally, the moderating effects of the child's age at entry into Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) and maternal supportive social networks were analyzed. The results showed that chronically high maternal psychological distress was subsequently associated with child's higher impulsivity, higher disruptiveness, and lower empathy. We found no evidence of early ECEC attendance or mother's social networks as moderators between maternal symptoms and child's behavior. Nevertheless, mother's supportive social networks were beneficial for all children and associated with child's higher empathy and cooperation skills. These findings underscore the need for early identification of maternal psychological distress symptoms. Moreover, social networks may serve as valuable resources for families with young children and support child development, even though they did not buffer the effects of maternal distress.

Keywords: antisocial behavior; early childhood education and care; prosocial behavior; psychological distress; social networks.