Objectives: We examined at-fault injury crashes of four passenger car populations: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). For these populations, crash rates were calculated in relation to both registration years and mileage. Finally, controlled crash rate ratios were calculated to compare the crash risk between electric vehicles (EVs) and ICEVs.

Methods: Studied car populations were identified and their vehicle information for the period of 2019-2023, including the mileage (76 billion kilometers for all cars during the study period), was drawn from the national Vehicular and Driver Data Register. In addition, cars in the study populations were identified from the motor liability insurance (MLI) database and the crash data for them was retrieved (11,388 motor vehicle occupant injury crashes in total). Crash rates and crash rate ratios were calculated to evaluate the crash risk of EVs. Negative binomial regression was used to model crash involvement rate ratios both per registration year and per mileage for EVs, controlling the age and gender of the vehicle owner and vehicle size.

Results: Only battery electric vehicles showed significantly different crash rates than ICEVs per mileage, although the result was weakly significant -15% [-28%; 0%]. There were no significant differences in crash rates per registration years. In addition, there were only a few significant differences in crash circumstances between EVs and ICEVs. On average, the motor vehicle occupant injury crash rate of ICEVs was 151 crashes per billion kilometers and 2.37 crashes per thousand registration years.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that, when measured by motor vehicle occupant injury crash rate, passenger cars-regardless of powertrain-have not become safer in Finland compared to the situation ten years ago. However, the current crash rate of BEVs is lower than that of ICEVs. Previous studies suggest that some of the differences in crash rate may be explained by varying usage conditions, which our findings support. Part of the difference may be explained by differences in driver populations, which should be investigated further.

Keywords: BEV; Crash rate; HEV; PHEV; injury crash.