A4 Refereed article in a conference publication
Four Heads are Better than Three
Authors: Salo Ville
Editors: Hector Zenil
Conference name: International Workshop on Cellular Automata and Discrete Complex Systems
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Publication year: 2020
Journal: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Book title : Cellular Automata and Discrete Complex Systems 26th IFIP WG 1.5 International Workshop, AUTOMATA 2020, Stockholm, Sweden, August 10–12, 2020, Proceedings
Journal name in source: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
Series title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Volume: 12286
First page : 111
Last page: 125
ISBN: 978-3-030-61587-1
eISBN: 978-3-030-61588-8
ISSN: 0302-9743
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61588-8_9
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05706
We construct recursively-presented finitely-generated torsion groups which have bounded torsion and whose word problem is conjunctive equivalent (in particular positive and Turing equivalent) to a given recursively enumerable set. These groups can be interpreted as groups of finite state machines or as subgroups of topological full groups, on effective subshifts over other torsion groups. We define a recursion-theoretic property of a set of natural numbers, called impredictability. It roughly states that a Turing machine can enumerate numbers such that every Turing machine occasionally incorrectly guesses (by either halting or not) whether they are in the set, even given an oracle for a prefix of the set. We prove that impredictable recursively enumerable sets exist. Combining these constructions and slightly adapting a result of [Salo and Törmä, 2017], we obtain that four-headed group-walking finite-state automata can define strictly more subshifts than three-headed automata on a group containing a copy of the integers, confirming a conjecture of [Salo and Törmä, 2017]. These are the first examples of groups where four heads are better than three, and they show the maximal height of a finite head hierarchy is indeed four.