A1 Vertaisarvioitu alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä lehdessä
CTAO LST–1 observations of magnetar SGR 1935+2154: Deep limits on sub-second bursts and persistent tera-electronvolt emission
Tekijät: Abe, K.; Abe, S.; Abhishek, A.; Acero, F.; Aguasca-Cabot, A.; Agudo, I.; Alispach, C.; Ambrosino, D.; Ambrosino, F.; Antonelli, L. A.; Aramo, C.; Arbet-Engels, A.; Arcaro, C.; Arnesen, T. T. H.; Asano, K.; Aubert, P.; Baktash, A.; Balbo, M.; Bamba, A.; Baquero-Larriva, A.; Barres De Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Barrios-Jiménez, L.; Batković, I.; Baxter, J.; Becerra González, J.; Bernardini, E.; Bernete, J.; Berti, A.; Bezshyiko, I.; Bigongiari, C.; Bissaldi, E.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bordas, P.; Borkowski, G.; Brunelli, G.; Bulgarelli, A.; Bunse, M.; Burelli, I.; Burmistrov, L.; Cardillo, M.; Caroff, S.; Carosi, A.; Carraro, R.; Carrasco, M. S.; Cassol, F.; Castrejón, N.; Cerasole, D.; Ceribella, G.; Cerviño Cortínez, A.; Chai, Y.; Cheng, K.; Chiavassa, A.; Chikawa, M.; Chon, G.; Chytka, L.; Cicciari, G.M.; Cifuentes, A.; Contreras, J.L.; Cortina, J.; Costantini, H.; Dalchenko, M.; da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; de Bony de Lavergne, M.; del Burgo, R.; Delgado, C.; Delgado-Mengual, J.; Dell’aiera, M.; Della Volpe, D.; De Lotto, B.; Del Peral, L.; de Menezes, R.; De Palma, G.; Díaz, C.; Di Piano, A.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Tria, R.; Di Venere, L.; Dominik, R.M.; Dominis-Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Eisenberger, L.; Elsasser, D.; Emery, G.; Escudero, J.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Ferrarotto, F.; Fiasson, A.; Foffano, L.; Frias Garcia-Lago, F.; Fröse, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; Gallozzi, S.; García López, R.; García Soto, S.
Kustantaja: EDP Sciences
Julkaisuvuosi: 2026
Lehti: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Artikkelin numero: A25
Vuosikerta: 706
ISSN: 0004-6361
eISSN: 1432-0746
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555431
Julkaisun avoimuus kirjaamishetkellä: Avoimesti saatavilla
Julkaisukanavan avoimuus : Kokonaan avoin julkaisukanava
Verkko-osoite: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555431
Rinnakkaistallenteen osoite: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/509017365
Rinnakkaistallenteen lisenssi: CC BY
Rinnakkaistallennetun julkaisun versio: Kustantajan versio
Context. The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years.
Aims. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persistent and sub-second-scale burst emission.
Methods. We analysed over 25 hour of observations from the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST−1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) during periods of HE activity from SGR 1935+2154 in 2021 and 2022 to search for persistent emission. For bursting emission, we selected and analysed nine 0.1 s time windows centred around known short X-ray bursts, targeting potential sub-second-scale tera-electronvolt counterparts in a low-photon-statistics regime.
Results. While no persistent or bursting emission was detected in our search, we establish upper limits for the tera-electronvolt emission of a short magnetar burst simultaneous to its soft gamma-ray flux. Specifically, for the brightest burst in our sample, the ratio between tera-electronvolt and X-ray flux is ≲10−3.
Conclusions. The non-detection of either persistent or bursting tera-electronvolt emission from SGR 1935+2154 suggests that if such components exist, they may occur under specific conditions not covered by our observations. This aligns with theoretical predictions of VHE components in magnetar-powered fast radio bursts and the detection of MeV–GeV emission in giant magnetar flares. These findings underscore the potential of magnetars, fast radio bursts, and other fast transients as promising candidates for future observations in the low-photon-statistics regime with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, particularly with the CTAO.
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We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organisations: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Grant 309053/2022-6 and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Grants E-26/200.532/2023 and E-26/211.342/2021, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná - Fundação Araucária, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2022-10-4595, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS LM2023047, EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016007, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754, CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632 and CZ.02.01.01/00/23_015/0008197 Czech Republic; CNRS-IN2P3, the French Programme d’investissements d’avenir and the Enigmass Labex, This work has been done thanks to the facilities offered by the Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS/IN2P3 MUST computing center, France; Max Planck Society, German Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (Verbundforschung / ErUM), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 1491) and the Lamarr-Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italian Ministry for University and Research (MUR), and the financial support from the European Union – Next Generation EU under the project IR0000012 - CTA+ (CUP C53C22000430006), announcement N.3264 on 28/12/2021: “Rafforzamento e creazione di IR nell’ambito del Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR)”; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, MEXT, Japan; JST SPRING - JPMJSP2108; Narodowe Centrum Nauki, grant number 2023/50/A/ST9/00254, Poland; The Spanish groups acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Research State Agency (AEI) through the government budget lines PGE2022/28.06.000X.711.04, 28.06.000X.411.01 and 28.06.000X.711.04 of PGE 2023, 2024 and 2025, and grants PID2019-104114RB-C31, PID2019-107847RB-C44, PID2019-105510GB-C31, PID2019-104114RB-C33, PID2019-107847RB-C43, PID2019-107847RB-C42, PID2019-107988GB-C22, PID2021-124581OB-I00, PID2021-125331NB-I00, PID2022-136828NB-C41, PID2022-137810NB-C22, PID2022-138172NB-C41, PID2022-138172NB-C42, PID2022-138172NB-C43, PID2022-139117NB-C41, PID2022-139117NB-C42, PID2022-139117NB-C43, PID2022-139117NB-C44, PID2022-136828NB-C42, PID2024-155316NB-I00, PDC2023-145839-I00 funded by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU and NextGenerationEU PRTR; CSIC PIE 202350E189; the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa" program through grants no. CEX2020-001007-S, CEX2021-001131-S, CEX2024-001442-S; the "Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu" program through grants no. CEX2019-000918-M, CEX2020-001058-M; the "Ramón y Cajal" program through grants RYC2021-032991-I funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR and RYC2020-028639-I; the "Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación" program through grant no. IJC2019-040315-I and "Juan de la Cierva-formación" through grant JDC2022-049705-I; the “Viera y Clavijo” postdoctoral program of Universidad de La Laguna, funded by the Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información. They also acknowledge the "Atracción de Talento" program of Comunidad de Madrid through grant no. 2019-T2/TIC-12900; “MAD4SPACE: Desarrollo de tecnologías habilitadoras para estudios del espacio en la Comunidad de Madrid" (TEC-2024/TEC-182) project, Doctorado Industrial (IND2024/TIC34250) and Ayudas para la contratación de personal investigador predoctoral en formación (PIPF-2023/TEC-29694) funded by Comunidad de Madrid; the La Caixa Banking Foundation, grant no. LCF/BQ/PI21/11830030; Junta de Andalucía under Plan Complementario de I+D+I (Ref. AST22_0001) and Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación as research group FQM-322; Project ref. AST22_00001_9 with funding from NextGenerationEU funds; the “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” and its “Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia”; “Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación” of the regional government of Andalucía and “Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas”, Grant CNS2023-144504 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR, the European Union’s Recovery and Resilience Facility-Next Generation, in the framework of the General Invitation of the Spanish Government’s public business entity Red.es to participate in talent attraction and retention programmes within Investment 4 of Component 19 of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan; Junta de Andalucía under Plan Complementario de I+D+I (Ref. AST22_00001), Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (Ref. FQM-322). “Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente" FEDER 2014-2020 (Ref. ESFRI-2017-IAC-12), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, 15% co-financed by Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento del Gobierno de Canarias; the "CERCA" program and the grants 2021SGR00426 and 2021SGR00679, all funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya; and the European Union’s NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1). This work is funded/Co-funded by the European Union (ERC, MicroStars, 101076533). This research used the computing and storage resources provided by the Port d’Informació Científica (PIC) data center. State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements No 262053 and No 317446; This project is receiving funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under agreement No 676134; ESCAPE - The European Science Cluster of Astronomy & Particle Physics ESFRI Research Infrastructures has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 824064.
