A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
New evidence and challenges in ERP and MEG correlates of consciousness in vision: A systematized review
Authors: Filimonov, Dmitri; Koivisto, Mika; Revonsuo, Antti
Publisher: Elsevier
Publication year: 2026
Journal: NeuroImage
Article number: 121762
Volume: 327
ISSN: 1053-8119
eISSN: 1095-9572
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121762
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121762
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/509016333
Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY
Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF
The past twenty years of research have revealed two event-related potential (ERP) components to be the most reliably occurring neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) in vision: an early visual awareness negativity (VAN) in the N2 and late positivity (LP) in the P3 time window. Three previous extensive reviews concluded that VAN is a proper visual NCC, which is solely modulated by awareness. During the last five years since the latest review was published, a large body of new evidence has emerged about the ERP correlates of visual consciousness. In this systematized review we update the results of the previous reviews by analyzing new studies published since 2020 (N = 53) and discussing their findings. The new evidence is consistent with the earlier reviews: VAN is still found to be the most reliable and robust ERP NCC in vision, whereas LP reflects also many other processes, not consciousness as such. However, several aspects of VAN, for example, its relationship to attention and simultaneous physiological factors, require further investigation.
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Funding information in the publication:
Dmitri Filimonov reports financial support was provided by Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation.