A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Golden Eagle Optimization for accelerating intra-mode estimation in HEVC
Authors: Tariq, Junaid; Javed, Imran; Rahman, Hameedur; Hussain, Ashfaq; Saeed, Kamran; Ijaz, Amir
Publication year: 2026
Journal: Multimedia Tools and Applications
Article number: 25
Volume: 85
Issue: 1
eISSN: 1573-7721
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21160-6
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: No Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Partially Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-026-21160-6
Abstract
The optimization of advanced video coding standards remains an ongoing challenge. This study addresses the computational challenges arising from the increasing number of intra-modes in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and proposes a solution through the Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) algorithm. Skipping coding steps may reduce computational cost but often increases the Bjontegaard Delta Bit Rate (BD-BR) overhead. Therefore, GEO is used in this study to balance BD-BR increase and complexity reduction. The study analyzes GEO’s modules to align them with those of HEVC. In the proposed analogy, the eagle represents the Rate-Distortion Optimization (RDO) module, while rabbits correspond to intra-modes. Finally, the parameters of GEO are fine-tuned for two scenarios: (i) saving BD-BR or (ii) saving time. Experimental results demonstrate a significant 35.16% reduction in complexity, with only a slight 1.55% BD-BR overhead. These findings contribute to advancements in video compression technologies and encourage further research.
The optimization of advanced video coding standards remains an ongoing challenge. This study addresses the computational challenges arising from the increasing number of intra-modes in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and proposes a solution through the Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) algorithm. Skipping coding steps may reduce computational cost but often increases the Bjontegaard Delta Bit Rate (BD-BR) overhead. Therefore, GEO is used in this study to balance BD-BR increase and complexity reduction. The study analyzes GEO’s modules to align them with those of HEVC. In the proposed analogy, the eagle represents the Rate-Distortion Optimization (RDO) module, while rabbits correspond to intra-modes. Finally, the parameters of GEO are fine-tuned for two scenarios: (i) saving BD-BR or (ii) saving time. Experimental results demonstrate a significant 35.16% reduction in complexity, with only a slight 1.55% BD-BR overhead. These findings contribute to advancements in video compression technologies and encourage further research.
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