D4 Published development or research report or study

Off-time leaving home transitions and life satisfaction across young adulthood in the UK




AuthorsSchwanitz, Katrin; Palumbo, Lydia

Publication year2026

Series titleINVEST Working Papers

Number in series146

First page 1

Last page34

eISSN2737-0534

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/hsdy4_v1

Publication's open availability at the time of reportingOpen Access

Publication channel's open availability Open Access publication channel

Web address https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/hsdy4_v2

Additional informationUnderstanding Society is an initiative led by the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. The data were col-lected by NatCen Social Research and Kantar Public (further details available at https://www.under-standingsociety.ac.uk/). The data are distributed by the UK Data Service (https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/). The funders, data creators and depositors bear no responsibility for the analysis or interpretation of the data presented here.


Abstract

Leaving the parental home is a key transition milestone, often coinciding with the adoption of major adult roles. Reaching it off-time may diminish young adults’ well-being due to non-compliance with the normative ages defining the ‘right’ time to leave. Indeed, the concept of ‘failure to launch’ in the literature underscores the crucial role of home-leaving timing on well-being, yet empirical investigation into the causal link between transitioning off-time and subjective well-being remains limited. This study, therefore, investigates how off-time home leaving and returning home relate to life satisfaction. Using rich prospective panel data spanning over thirty years from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and Understanding Society (UKHLS), we employed fixed-effects regression models to esti-mate within-individual changes in life satisfaction associated with these residential moves. We also conducted an additional, exploratory analysis focusing on young adults who had not yet left home, examining changes in life satisfaction around objective and subjective social age thresholds. The main analyses yielded non-significant findings for both off-time home leaving and returning home. Crucial-ly, the exploratory analysis revealed a notable —yet modest— pattern for non-leavers: life satisfaction experiences a significant decline (0.17 points) in the years approaching and following the objective age threshold. These findings suggest the psychological cost of delayed independence is not driven by the residential move itself, but by the failure to meet internalised social timetables. We conclude that the pressure of age-graded norms is a more critical driver of young adult well-being than the event-timing of the transition.


Funding information in the publication
This research was funded by the INVEST Research Flagship Centre of the Research Council (decision number 345546) and the FLUX consortium of the Strategic Research Council of Finland (decision number 345130).


Last updated on 04/03/2026 02:33:35 PM