A1 Vertaisarvioitu alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä lehdessä
SN 2024bfu, SN 2025qe, and the early light curves of type Iax supernovae
Tekijät: Magee, M. R.; Killestein, T. L.; Pursiainen, M.; Godson, B.; Jarvis, D.; Jimenez-Palau, C.; Lyman, J. D.; Steeghs, D.; Warwick, B.; Anderson, J. P.; Butterley, T.; Chen, T. -W; Dhillon, V. S.; Galbany, L.; Gonzalez-Gaitan, S.; Gromadzki, M.; Inserra, C.; Kelsey, L.; Kumar, A.; Leloudas, G.; Mattila, S.; Moran, S.; Muller-Bravo, T. E.; Noysena, K.; Ramsay, G.; Srivastav, S.; Starling, R.; Wilson, R. W.; Young, D. R.; Ackley, K.; Breton, R. P.; Casares Velazquez, J.; Dyer, M. J.; Galloway, D. K.; Kankare, E.; Kotak, R.; Nuttall, L. K.; O'Neill, D.; Pessi, P.; Pollacco, D.; Ulaczyk, K.; Yaron, O.
Kustantaja: Oxford University Press
Julkaisuvuosi: 2025
Lehti: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Vuosikerta: 543
Numero: 4
Aloitussivu: 3731
Lopetussivu: 3753
ISSN: 0035-8711
eISSN: 1365-2966
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1675
Julkaisun avoimuus kirjaamishetkellä: Avoimesti saatavilla
Julkaisukanavan avoimuus : Kokonaan avoin julkaisukanava
Verkko-osoite: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1675
Rinnakkaistallenteen osoite: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/508400748
Rinnakkaistallenteen lisenssi: CC BY
Rinnakkaistallennetun julkaisun versio: Kustantajan versio
Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax) are one of the most common subclasses of thermonuclear supernova and yet their sample size, particularly those observed shortly after explosion, remains relatively small. In this paper, we present photometric and spectroscopic observations of two SNe Iax discovered shortly after explosion, SN 2024bfu and SN 2025qe. Both SNe were observed by multiple all-sky surveys, enabling tight constraints on the moment of first light and the shape of the early light curve. Our observations of SN 2025qe begin <2 d after the estimated time of first light and represent some of the earliest observations of any SN Iax. Spectra show features consistent with carbon absorption throughout the evolution of SN 2025qe, potentially indicating the presence of unburned material throughout the ejecta. We gather a sample of SNe Iax observed by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO), and Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) shortly after explosion and measure their rise times and early light curve power-law rise indices. We compare our results to a sample of normal SNe Ia and find indications that SNe Iax show systematically shorter rise times, consistent with previous work. We also find some indication that SNe Iax show systematically lower rise indices than normal SNe Ia. The low rise indices observed among SNe Iax are qualitatively consistent with extended 56Ni distributions and more thoroughly-mixed ejecta compared to normal SNe Ia, similar to predictions from pure deflagration explosions.
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JDL and MP acknowledge support from a UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/T020784/1). BG acknowledges the UKRI’s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) studentship grant funding, project reference ST/X508871/1. CJP acknowledges financial support from grant PRE2021-096988 funded by AEI 10.13039/501100011033 and ESF Investing in your future. LG acknowledges financial support from AGAUR, CSIC, MCIN, and AEI 10.13039/501100011033 under projects PID2023-151307NB-I00, PIE 20215AT016, CEX2020-001058-M, ILINK23001, COOPB2304, and 2021-SGR-01270. SGG acknowledges support from the ESO Scientific Visitor Programme. LK acknowledges support for an Early Career Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust through grant ECF-2024-054 and the Isaac Newton Trust through grant 24.08(w). GL was supported by a research grant (VIL60862) from VILLUM FONDEN. SM is funded by Leverhulme Trust grant RPG-2023-240. TEMB is funded by Horizon Europe ERC grant no. 101125877. RWW and TB acknowledge financial support from STFC, grant no. ST/X001075/1. This work was funded by ANID, Millennium Science Initiative, ICN12_009. We derive posterior probability distributions and the Bayesian evidence with the nested sampling Monte Carlo algorithm MLFriends (Buchner, 2014; 2019) using the ultranest 4 package (Buchner 2021). The GOTO project acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant nos ST/T007184/1, ST/T003103/1, ST/T000406/1, ST/X001121/1, and ST/Z000165/1) and the GOTO consortium institutions; University of Warwick; Monash University; University of Sheffield; University of Leicester; Armagh Observatory & Planetarium; the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT); University of Manchester; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); University of Portsmouth; University of Turku. The LT is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. The INT is operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. The pt5m telescope is supported by the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes in La Palma. This article includes observations made by the TTT in the Teide Observatory of the IAC, that Light Bridges operates in the Island of Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain). The Observing Time Rights used for this research were provided by Light Bridges, SL. IDS spectroscopy was obtained as part of 2024P07 on the INT. The INT is operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Chile, as part of ePESSTO+ (the advanced Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects Survey – PI: Inserra) ePESSTO+ observations were obtained under ESO programme ID 112.25JQ. Based on observations collected at Centro Astronómico Hispano en Andalucía (CAHA) at Calar Alto, proposal 25A-2.2-003, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucía and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC). The ZTF forced-photometry service was funded under the Heising-Simons Foundation grant#12540303 (PI: Graham). This work has made use of data from the ATLAS project. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project is primarily funded to search for near earth asteroids through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; byproducts of the NEO search include images and catalogs from the survey area. This work was partially funded by Kepler/K2 grant J1944/80NSSC19K0112 and HST GO-15889, and STFC grants ST/T000198/1 and ST/S006109/1. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the South African Astronomical Observatory, and The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Chile. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant no. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation grant no. AST–1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.
