Sustainable development encompasses multiple interrelated dimensions that must be addressed simultaneously in effective policy planning. Typically, sustainability is assessed through three core dimensions—environmental, social, and economic—each comprising numerous sub-components whose interactions are critical for long-term development outcomes. To support fair and inclusive development, integrative research approaches are essential for building a balanced vision to guide future policy.

This study aims to evaluate the sustainability of development in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and to identify key challenges and opportunities for more balanced and inclusive growth. The research applies a multi-method framework to provide a comprehensive understanding of development dynamics and to support cross-sectoral synergies.

The Sustainability Window (SuWi) methodology is employed to assess sustainability across multiple dimensions. These results are then used to construct an Integrated SuWi Doughnut Model tailored to the Lao context. In addition, decomposition analysis is applied to investigate the underlying drivers of key sustainability challenges—such as rising CO₂ emissions, ecological degradation, and increasing energy intensity—while synergy analysis explores interlinkages among environmental, economic, and social development processes across sectors.

The SuWi analysis identifies critical sustainability gaps, particularly in the areas of renewable energy utilisation and ecological footprint. Decomposition analysis reveals that increased reliance on fossil fuels and growing energy demand have significantly contributed to the rise in CO₂ emissions. Synergy analysis highlights the need for a holistic perspective in analysing development dynamics to ensure coherence and balance across sectors.

Based on these findings, policy recommendations emphasise the diversification of energy sources, enhancement of energy efficiency, and greater community participation in governance. Strengthening institutional frameworks, fostering regional cooperation, and leveraging technological innovations are vital to facilitating a just and sustainable transition. Additionally, targeted investments in sustainability-oriented projects and education initiatives can empower marginalised communities and enhance resilience.

In conclusion, the study underscores the necessity of adopting a holistic and integrated policy approach to balance economic development with environmental sustainability and social equity. The findings reinforce the importance of comprehensive, science-based, and participatory strategies in ensuring that Lao PDR’s development trajectory remains both effective and just for all segments of society.