A1 Vertaisarvioitu alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä lehdessä
Detection of Compton Scattering in the Jet of 3C 84
Tekijät: Liodakis, Ioannis; Chakraborty, Sudip; Marin, Frédéric; Ehlert, Steven R.; Barnouin, Thibault; Kouch, Pouya M.; Nilsson, Kari; Lindfors, Elina; Pursimo, Tapio; Paraschos, Georgios F.; Middei, Riccardo; Trindade Falcão, Anna; Jorstad, Svetlana; Agudo, Iván; Kovalev, Yuri Y.; Casey, Jacob J.; Di Gesu, Laura; Kaaret, Philip; Kim, Dawoon E.; Kislat, Fabian; Ratheesh, Ajay; Saade, M. Lynne; Tombesi, Francesco; Marscher, Alan; Aceituno, Francisco José; Bonnoli, Giacomo; Casanova, Victor; Emery, Gabriel; Escudero Pedrosa, Juan; Morcuende, Daniel; Otero-Santos, Jorge; Sota, Alfredo; Piirola, Vilppu; Bachev, Rumen; Strigachev, Anton; Borman, George A.; Grishina, Tatiana S.; Hagen-Thorn, Vladimir A.; Kopatskaya, Evgenia N.; Larionova, Elena G.; Morozova, Daria A.; Savchenko, Sergey S.; Shishkina, Ekaterina V.; Troitskiy, Ivan S.; Troitskaya, Yulia V.; Vasilyev, Andrey A.; Zhovtan, Alexey V.; Myserlis, Ioannis; Gurwell, Mark; Keating, Garrett; Rao, Ramprasad; Kang, Sincheol; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Sanghyun; Yeon Cheong, Whee; Jeong, Hyeon-Woo; Song, Chanwoo; Li, Shan; Nam, Myeong-Seok; Álvarez-Ortega, Diego; Casadio, Carolina; Angelakis, Emmanouil; Kraus, Alexander; Jormanainen, Jenni; Fallah Ramazani, Vandad; Chen, Chien-Ting; Costa, Enrico; Churazov, Eugene; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo; Galanti, Giorgio; Khabibullin, Ildar; O'dell, Stephen L.; Pacciani, Luigi; Roncadelli, Marco; Roberts, Oliver J.; Soffitta, Paolo; Swartz, Douglas A.; Tavecchio, Fabrizio; Weisskopf, Martin C.; Zhuravleva, Irina
Kustantaja: Institute of Physics Publishing
Julkaisuvuosi: 2025
Lehti: Astrophysical Journal Letters
Artikkelin numero: L9
Vuosikerta: 994
Numero: 1
ISSN: 2041-8205
eISSN: 2041-8213
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae157d
Julkaisun avoimuus kirjaamishetkellä: Avoimesti saatavilla
Julkaisukanavan avoimuus : Kokonaan avoin julkaisukanava
Verkko-osoite: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae157d
Rinnakkaistallenteen osoite: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/506339326
3C 84 is the brightest cluster galaxy in the Perseus Cluster. It is among the closest radio-loud active galaxies and among the very few that can be detected from low-frequency radio up to TeV γ-rays. Here we report on the first X-ray polarization observation of 3C 84 with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, for a total of 2.2 Ms coinciding with a flare in γ-rays. This is the longest observation for a radio-loud active galaxy, which allowed us to reach unprecedented sensitivity, leading to the detection of an X-ray polarization degree of ΠX = 4.2% ± 1.3% (∼3.2σ confidence) at an X-ray electric vector polarization angle of ψX = 163° ± 9°, which is aligned with the radio jet direction on the sky. Optical polarization observations show fast variability about the jet axis as well. Our results strongly favor models in which X-rays are produced by Compton scattering from relativistic electrons—specifically synchrotron self-Compton—that takes place downstream, away from the supermassive black hole.
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The US contribution is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and led and managed by its Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), with industry partner Ball Aerospace (contract NNM15AA18C)—now, BAE Systems. The Italian contribution is supported by the Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI) through contract ASI-OHBI-2022-13-I.0, agreements ASI-INAF-2022-19-HH.0 and ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0, and its Space Science Data Center (SSDC) with agreements ASI-INAF-2022-14-HH.0 and ASI-INFN 2021-43-HH.0, and by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy.
This research was partially supported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science under grants KP-06-H68/4 (2022) and KP-06-H88/4 (2024).
S.K., S.-S.L., W.Y.C., S.-H.K., and H.-W.J. were supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MIST; 2020R1A2C2009003, RS-2025-00562700).
Observations with the 100 m radio telescope at Effelsberg have received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 101004719 (ORP). The IAA-CSIC coauthors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033) through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award for the Instituto de Astrofíisica de Andalucía-CSIC (CEX2021-001131-S) and through grants PID2019-107847RB-C44 and PID2022-139117NB-C44. I.L. was funded by the European Union ERC-2022-STG—BOOTES—101076343. Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. J.O.-S. acknowledges financial support from the project ref. AST22_00001_9 with funding from the European Union—NextGenerationEU, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia, the Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación from the Junta de Andalucía and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and INFN Cap. U.1.01.01.01.009.
The research at Boston University was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant AST-2108622, NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants 80NSSC23K1507 and 80NSSC23K1508, NASA NuSTAR Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC24K0547, and NASA Swift Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC23K1145. E.L. was supported by Academy of Finland projects 317636 and 320045. We acknowledge funding to support our NOT observations from the Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Finland (Academy of Finland grant No. 306531).
Y.Y.K. was supported by the MuSES project, which has received funding from the European Union (ERC grant agreement No. 101142396). Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or ERCEA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.
C.C. and D.A. acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon ERC Grants 2021 program under grant agreement No. 101040021. The University of New Hampshire group is supported in part by NASA Astrophysics Astrophysics Data Analysis Program grant 80NSSC24K0636. We acknowledge support from NASA grant No. 80NSSC25K0002.
