A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Hierarchized masculinity, appearance, and radicalization: The role of physical appearance in the incel movement
Authors: Sippel, Kirsti
Publisher: MIT Press
Publication year: 2025
Journal: European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology
ISSN: 2325-4823
eISSN: 2325-4815
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/ECPS.a.42
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Partially Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1162/ecps.a.42
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/506216484
Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY NC
Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF
Incels (short for “involuntary celibates”) are men who struggle to form romantic and sexual relationships. Operating within the manosphere, they share a male supremacist ideology marked by glorification of violence, entitlement to sexual access, and masculine dominance hierarchies. Prior research has emphasized harmful displays of masculinity and heteropatriarchal structures within incel networks, including their links to extremist violence, but has paid less attention to the salience of appearance and masculine hierarchies and their role in sustaining perceived exclusion. This article analyzes incel discourse, focusing on how aesthetic capital constructs masculine hierarchies and functions as a form of currency through “lookism” and related terminology. The findings indicate that while misogyny and pro-violence attitudes are foundational to the incel movement, appearance-focused discourse upholds and amplifies perceptions of victimhood, reinforcing patriarchal, anti-feminist worldviews. Appearance thus emerges as a central marker in incel rhetoric that is tied to the dominance hierarchies that define incel status.
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Funding information in the publication:
University of Turku Graduate School UTUGS.