A1 Vertaisarvioitu alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä lehdessä
VHE γ-ray observations of bright BL Lacs with the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) of the CTAO
Tekijät: Abe, K.; Abe, S.; Abhishek, A.; Acero, F.; Aguasca-Cabot, A.; Agudo, I.; Alispach, C.; Ambrosino, D.; Ambrosino, F.; Antonelli, L. A.; Aramo, C.; Arbet-Engels, A.; Arcaro, C.; Arnesen, T. T. H.; Asano, K.; Aubert, P.; Baktash, A.; Balbo, M.; Bamba, A.; Baquero Larriva, A.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Barrios Jiménez, L.; Batkovic, I.; Baxter, J.; Becerra González, J.; Bernardini, E.; Bernete, J.; Berti, A.; Bezshyiko, I.; Bigongiari, C.; Bissaldi, E.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bordas, P.; Borkowski, G.; Brunelli, G.; Bulgarelli, A.; Bunse, M.; Burelli, I.; Burmistrov, L.; Cardillo, M.; Caroff, S.; Carosi, A.; Carraro, R.; Carrasco, M. S.; Cassol, F.; Cerasole, D.; Ceribella, G.; Cerviño Cortínez, A.; Chai, Y.; Cheng, K.; Chiavassa, A.; Chikawa, M.; Chon, G.; Chytka, L.; Cicciari, G. M.; Cifuentes, A.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Costantini, H.; Dalchenko, M.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; de Bony de Lavergne, M.; Del Burgo, R.; Delgado, C.; Delgado Mengual, J.; Dellaiera, M.; della Volpe, D.; De Lotto, B.; Del Peral, L.; de Menezes, R.; De Palma, G.; Díaz, C.; Di Marco, G.; Di Piano, A.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Tria, R.; Di Venere, L.; Dominik, R. M.; Dominis Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Eisenberger, L.; Elsässer, D.; Emery, G.; Escudero, J.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Ferrarotto, F.; Fiasson, A.; Foffano, L.; Frías García-Lago, F.; Fröse, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; Gallozzi, S.; Garcia López, R.; Garcia Soto, S.; Gasbarreller, M.; Herrera Llorente, J.; Hirotani, K.; Hoffmann, D.; Horns, D.; Houles, J.; Hrabovsky, M.; Hrupec, D.; Hui, D.; Iarlori, M.; Imazawa, R.; Inada, T.; Inome, Y.; Inoue, S.; Ioka, K.; Iori, M.; Itokawa, T.; Iuliano, A.; Jahanvi, J,; Jimenez Martinez, I.; Jimenez Quiles, J.; Jorge Rodrigo, I.; Jurysek, J.; Kagaya, M.; Kalashev, O.; Karas, V.; Katagiri, H.; Kerszberg, D.; Kiyomoto, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kohri, K.; Kong, A.; Kornecki, P.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lacave, B.; Lainez, M.; Lamanna, G.; Lamastra, A.; Lemoigne, L.; Linhoff, M.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López-Coto, R.; López-Moya, M.; López-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Lorini, A.; Lozano Bahilo, J.; Lucarelli, F.; Luciani, H.; Luque-Escamilla, P. L.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Mandat, D.; Manganaro, M.; Maniadakis, D. K.; Manicò, G.; Mannheim, K.; Marchesi, S.; Marini, F.; Mariotti, M.; Marquez, P.; Marsella, G.; Martí, J.; Martinez, O.; Martínez, G.; Martínez, M.; Mas-Aguilar, A.; Massa, M.; Maurin, G.; Mazin, D.; Méndez-Gallego, J.; Menon, S.; Mestre Guillen, E.; Miceli, D.; Miener, T.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Mizote, M.; Mizuno, T.; Molero Gonzalez, M.; Molina, E.; Montaruli, T.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Moreno Ramos, A.; Morselli, A.; Moya, V.; Muraishi, H.; Nagataki, S.; Nakamori, T.; Neronov, A.; Nieto Castaño, D.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nikolic, L.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nosek, D.; Novotny, V.; Nozaki, S.; Ohishi, M.; Ohtani, Y.; Oka, T.; Okumura, A.; Orito, R.; Orsini, L.; Otero-Santos, J.; Ottanelli, P.; Palatiello, M.; Panebianco, G.; Paneque, D.; Pantaleo, F. R.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Pech, M.; Pecimotika, M.; Peresano, M.; Pfeifle, F.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pihet, M.; Pirola, G.; Plard, C.; Podobnik, F.; Polo, M.; Prandini, E.; Priyadarshi, C.; Prouza, M.; Rainò, S.; Rando, R.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Rizi, V.; Rodriguez Fernandez, G.; Rodríguez Frías, M. D.; Romano, P.; Roy, A.; Ruina, A.; Ruiz-Velasco, E.; Saito, T.; Sakurai, S.; Sanchez, D. A.; Sano, H.; Šarić, T.; Sato, Y.; Saturni, F. G.; Savchenko, V.; Schiavone, F.; Schleicher, B.; Schmuckermaier, F.; Schubert, J. L.; Schussler, F.; Schweizer, T.; Seglar Arroyo, M.; Siegert, T.; Silvestri, G.; Simongini, A.; Sitarek, J.; Sliusar, V.; Stamerra, A.; Strišković, J.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Sunny, A.; Tajima, H.; Takahashi, M.; Takata, J.; Takeishi, R.; Tam, P. H. T.; Tanaka, S. J.; Tateishi, D.; Tavernier, T.; Temnikov, P.; Terada, Y.; Terauchi, K.; Terzic, T.; Teshima, M.; Tluczykont, M.; Tokanai, F.; Tomura, T.; Torres, D. F.; Tramonti, F.; Travnicek, P.; Tripodo, G.; Tutone, A.; Vacula, M.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vázquez Acosta, M.; Ventura, S.; Vercellone, S.; Verna, G.; Viale, I.; Vigliano, A.; Vigorito, C. F.; Visentin, E.; Vitale, V.; Voitsekhovskyi, V.; Voutsinas, G.; Vovk, I.; Vuillaume, T.; Walter, R.; Wan, L.; Will, M.; Wójtowicz, J.; Yamamoto, T.; Yamazaki, R.; Yao, Y.; Yeung, P. K. H.; Yoshida, T.; Yoshikoshi, T.; Zhang, W.
Kustantaja: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Julkaisuvuosi: 2025
Lehti: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Vuosikerta: 544
Numero: 1
Aloitussivu: 669
Lopetussivu: 686
ISSN: 0035-8711
eISSN: 1365-2966
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1728
Julkaisun avoimuus kirjaamishetkellä: Avoimesti saatavilla
Julkaisukanavan avoimuus : Kokonaan avoin julkaisukanava
Verkko-osoite: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf1728
Rinnakkaistallenteen osoite: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/505582138
Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation ground-based γ-ray observatory operating in the energy range from 20 GeV up to 300 TeV, with two sites in La Palma (Spain) and Paranal (Chile). It will consist of telescopes of three sizes, covering different parts of the large energy range. We report on the performance of Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST-1) in the detection and characterization of extragalactic γ-ray sources, with a focus on the reconstructed γ -ray spectra and variability of classical bright BL Lacertae objects, which were observed during the early commissioning phase of the instrument. LST-1 data from known bright γ-ray blazars – Markarian 421, Markarian 501, 1ES 1959+650, 1ES 0647+250, and PG 1553 + 113 – were collected between 2020 July 10, and 2022 May 23, covering a zenith angle range of 4◦ to 57◦. The reconstructed light curves were analysed using a Bayesian block algorithm to distinguish the different activity phases of each blazar. Simultaneous Fermi-LAT data were utilized to reconstruct the broad-band γ-ray spectra for the sources during each activity phase. High-level reconstructed data in a format compatible with gammapy are provided together with measured light curves and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for several bright blazars and an interpretation of the observed variability in long and short time-scales. Simulations of historical flares are generated to evaluate the sensitivity of LST-1. This work represents the first milestone in monitoring bright BL Lacertae objects with a CTAO telescope.
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We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organizations:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná – Fundação Araucária, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2022-10-4595, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS LM2023047, EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016007, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754, CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632, and CZ.02.01.01/00/23_015/0008197 Czech Republic; CNRS-IN2P3, the French Programme d’investissements d’avenir and the Enigmass Labex. This work has been done thanks to the facilities offered by the Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc – CNRS/IN2P3 MUST computing center, France; Max Planck Society, German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Verbundforschung/ErUM), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFBs 876 and 1491), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italian Ministry for University and Research (MUR), and the financial support from the European Union– Next Generation EU under the project IR0000012 – CTA+ (CUP C53C22000430006), announcement N.3264 on 28/12/2021: ‘Rafforzamento e creazione di IR nell’ambito del Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR)’; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, MEXT, Japan; JST SPRING–JPMJSP2108; Narodowe Centrum Nauki, grant number 2023/50/A/ST9/00254, Poland; The Spanish groups acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Research State Agency (AEI) through the government budget lines PGE2022/28.06.000X.711.04, 28.06.000X.411.01, and 28.06.000X.711.04 of PGE 2023, 2024 and 2025, and grants PID2019-104114RB-C31, PID2019-107847RB-C44, PID2019-104114RB-C32, PID2019-105510GB-C31, PID2019-104114RB-C33, PID2019-107847RB-C43, PID2019-107847RB-C42, PID2019-107988GB-C22, PID2021-124581OB-I00, PID2021-125331NB-I00, PID2022-136828NB-C41, PID2022-137810NB-C22, PID2022-138172NB-C41, PID2022-138172NB-C42, PID2022-138172NB-C43, PID2022-139117NB-C41, PID2022-139117NB-C42, PID2022-139117NB-C43, PID2022-139117NB-C44, PID2022-136828NB-C42, PDC2023-145839-I00 funded by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU and NextGenerationEU PRTR; the ‘Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa’ programme through grant nos. CEX2019-000920-S, CEX2020-001007-S, CEX2021-001131-S; the ‘Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu’ programme through grant nos. CEX2019-000918-M, CEX2020-001058-M; the ‘Ramón y Cajal’ programme through grants RYC2021-032991-I funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union ‘NextGenerationEU’/PRTR and RYC2020-028639-I; the ‘Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación’ programme through grant no. IJC2019-040315-I and ‘Juan de la Cierva-formación’ through grant JDC2022-049705-I. They also acknowledge the ’Atracción de Talento’ program of Comunidad de Madrid through grant no.2019-T2/TIC-12900; the project ‘Tecnologías avanzadas para la exploración del universo y sus componentes’ (PR47/21 TAU), funded by Comunidad de Madrid, by the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan from the Spanish State, and by NextGenerationEU from the European Union through the Recovery and Resilience Facility; ‘MAD4SPACE: Desarrollo de tecnologías habilitadoras para estudios del espacio en la Comunidad de Madrid’ (TEC-2024/TEC-182) project funded by Comunidad de Madrid; the La Caixa Banking Foundation, grant no. LCF/BQ/PI21/11830030; Junta de Andalucía under Plan Complementario de I+D+I (Ref. AST22_0001) and Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación as research group FQM-322; Project ref. AST22_00001_9 with funding from NextGenerationEU funds; the ‘Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades’ and its ‘Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia’; ‘Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación’ of the regional government of Andalucía and ‘Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas’, Grant CNS2023-144504 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR, the European Union’s Recovery and Resilience Facility-Next Generation, in the framework of the General Invitation of the Spanish Government’s public business entity Red.es to participate in talent attraction and retention programmes within Investment 4 of Component 19 of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan; Junta de Andalucía under Plan Complementario de I+D+I (Ref. AST22_00001), Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (Ref. FQM-322). ‘Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente’ FEDER 2014–2020 (Ref. ESFRI-2017-IAC-12), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, 15 per cent co-financed by Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento del Gobierno de Canarias; the ‘CERCA’ programme and the grants 2021SGR00426 and 2021SGR00679, all funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya; and the European Union’s NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1). This research used the computing and storage resources provided by the Port d’Informació Científica (PIC) data center. State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement nos.262053 and 317446; This project is receiving funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmes under agreement no. 676134; ESCAPE – The European Science Cluster of Astronomy & Particle Physics ESFRI Research Infrastructures has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 824064.
RT acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP22K14051. JB acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP24KJ0545.
This work benefited from the support of the project COCOA-NuGETs ANR-23-CE31-0026 of the French National Research Agency (ANR).
