A1 Vertaisarvioitu alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä lehdessä 
A real-time search for Type Ia Supernovae with late-time interactions with circumstellar material in ZTF data
Tekijät: Terwel, Jacco H.; Maguire, Kate; Brennan, Sean J.; Galbany, Lluis; Reusch, Simeon; Schulze, Steve; Koivisto, Niilo; Pursimo, Tapio; Grund Sorensen, Samuel; Diaz Teodori, Maria Alejandra; Guldberg Theil, Astrid; Turkki, Mikael; Muller-Bravo, Tomas E.; Burgaz, Umut; Kim, Young-Lo; Bloom, Joshua S.; Graham, Matthew J.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Kulkarni, Shri R.; Masci, Frank J.; Purdum, Josiah; Pyshna, Oleksandra; Wold, Avery
Kustantaja: EDP Sciences
Julkaisuvuosi: 2025
Lehti:Astronomy and Astrophysics
Artikkelin numero: A21
Vuosikerta: 702
ISSN: 0004-6361
eISSN: 1432-0746
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555892
Verkko-osoite: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555892
Rinnakkaistallenteen osoite: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/504927234
While it is generally accepted that Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are the terminal explosions of white dwarfs (WDs), the nature of their progenitor systems and the mechanisms that lead up to these explosions remain widely debated. In rare cases, the SN ejecta interact with circumstellar material (CSM) that had previously been ejected from the progenitor system. The longer the delay between the creation of the CSM and the SN explosion, the greater the distance between the SN explosion site and the CSM and the later the onset of the interaction. The unknown distance between the CSM and SN explosion site makes it impossible to predict when the interaction will start. If the time between the SN explosion and the onset of the CSM interaction is of the order of several months to years, the SN has generally faded and it is no longer actively followed up on. This makes it even more difficult to detect the interaction while it is happening. In this work, we report on a real-time monitoring programme running between 13 November 2023 and 9 July 2024. It monitored 6914 SNe Ia for signs of late-time rebrightening using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). Flagged candidates were rapidly followed up on with photometry and spectroscopy to confirm the late-time excess and its position. We report the discovery of a ∼50 day rebrightening event in SN 2020qxz around 1200 rest-frame days after the peak of its light curve. SN 2020qxz exhibited signs of an early CSM interaction, but had faded from view over two years before its reappearance. Initial follow-up spectroscopy revealed the presence of four emission lines, while later follow-up spectroscopy showed that these had faded shortly after the end of the ZTF-detected rebrightening event. Our best match for these emission lines are Hβ (blueshifted by ∼5900 km s−1) and Ca IIλ8542, N Iλ8567, and K Iλλ8763, 8767 (all blueshifted by 5100 km s−1; although we note that the line identifications are uncertain). This shows that catching and following up on late-time interactions as they occur can offer new clues on the nature of the progenitor systems that produce these SNe by putting constraints on the possible type of donor star. The only way to do this systematically is to use large sky surveys such as ZTF and the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) to monitor a large sample of objects for the rare events that reappear long after the object has faded from view.
| Ladattava julkaisu  This is an electronic reprint of the original article. | 
Julkaisussa olevat rahoitustiedot: 
JHT and KM acknowledge support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. SJB acknowledges their support by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 10104229 – TransPIre). L.G. acknowledges financial support from AGAUR, CSIC, MCIN and AEI 10.13039/501100011033 under projects PID2023-151307NB-I00, PIE 20215AT016, CEX2020-001058-M, ILINK23001, COOPB2304, and 2021-SGR-01270. T.E.M.B. and U.B are funded by Horizon Europe ERC grant no. 101125877. Y.-L.K. was supported by the Lee Wonchul Fellowship, funded through the BK21 Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research (FOUR) Program (grant No. 4120200513819) and the National Research Foundation of Korea to the Center for Galaxy Evolution Research (RS-2022-NR070872, RS-2022-NR070525). Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48-inch and the 60-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. AST-1440341 and AST-2034437 and a collaboration including current partners Caltech, IPAC, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, University of California, Berkeley, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, University of Warwick, Ruhr University, Cornell University, Northwestern University and Drexel University. 

