Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have considerable potential for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, cancer imaging, and cell tracking. Different types of methods have been leveraged for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials, including top-down and bottom-up approaches. While batch type methods may enable the synthesis of NPs with diverse structural features, physicochemical properties, and distinct performance, the quality of the resultant nanomedicines (NMs) may be susceptible to even minute disturbances of the reaction conditions. Microfluidics may help prepare the products with the unique properties and performance features as compared to the conventional methods. Meanwhile, it enables rapid mass and heat transfer as well as offers an accurate control and manipulation of different types of process parameters. This chapter reviews microfluidic strategies for the synthesis and surface modification of inorganic NMs. The synthesis and surface modification of inorganic NMs by exploiting the unique capabilities of microfluidic devices have been described in detail. Importantly, the concurrent synthesis and surface modification of inorganic NMs may broaden their application prospects for diverse disciplines. We have also briefly described the current challenges and potential opportunities for the future developments in microfluidics-based flow synthesis techniques for the synthesis and applications of inorganic nanostructures.