A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Evolution of Reproduction Periods in Seasonal Environments
Authors: Zepeng Sun, Kalle Parvinen, Mikko Heino, Johan A. J. Metz, André M. de Roos, Ulf Dieckmann
Publisher: UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
Publication year: 2020
Journal: American Naturalist
Journal name in source: AMERICAN NATURALIST
Journal acronym: AM NAT
Volume: 196
Issue: 4
First page : E88
Last page: E109
Number of pages: 22
ISSN: 0003-0147
eISSN: 1537-5323
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/708274
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/50253857
Many species are subject to seasonal cycles in resource availability, affecting the timing of their reproduction. Using a stage-structured consumer-resource model in which juvenile development and maturation are resource dependent, we study how a species' reproductive schedule evolves, dependent on the seasonality of its resource. We find three qualitatively different reproduction modes. First, continuous income breeding (with adults reproducing throughout the year) evolves in the absence of significant seasonality. Second, seasonal income breeding (with adults reproducing unless they are starving) evolves when resource availability is sufficiently seasonal and juveniles are more efficient resource foragers. Third, seasonal capital breeding (with adults reproducing partly through the use of energy reserves) evolves when resource availability is sufficiently seasonal and adults are more efficient resource foragers. Such capital breeders start reproduction already while their offspring are still experiencing starvation. Changes in seasonality lead to continuous transitions between continuous and seasonal income breeding, but the change between income and capital breeding involves a hysteresis pattern, such that a population's evolutionarily stable reproduction pattern depends on its initial one. Taken together, our findings show how adaptation to seasonal environments can result in a rich array of outcomes, exhibiting seasonal or continuous reproduction with or without energy reserves.
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