A1 Vertaisarvioitu alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä lehdessä
Testing the ubiquitous presence of very high energy emission in gamma-ray bursts with the MAGIC telescopes
Tekijät: Abe, S.; Abhir, J.; Abhishek, A.; Acciari V., A.; Aguasca-Cabot, A.; Agudo, I.; Aniello, T.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli L., A.; Arbet Engels, A.; Arcaro, C.; Arnesen T. T., H.; Asano, K.; Babić, A.; Bakshi, C.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio J., A.; Barrios-Jiménez, L.; Batković, I.; Baxter, J.; Becerra González, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bernardini, E.; Bernete, J.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bošnjak, Ž.; Bronzini, E.; Burelli, I.; Campoy-Ordaz, A.; Carosi, A.; Carosi, R.; Carretero-Castrillo, M.; Castro-Tirado A., J.; Cerasole, D.; Ceribella, G.; Chai, Y.; Cifuentes, A.; Contreras J., L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D’Amico, G.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; de Menezes, R.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Delgado Mendez, C.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Tria, R.; Di Venere, L.; Dinesh, A.; Dominis Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Eisenberger, L.; Elsaesser, D.; Escudero, J.; Fariña, L.; Fattorini, A.; Foffano, L.; Font, L.; Fröse, S.; Fukami, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; García López R., J.; García Soto, S.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Giesbrecht Paiva J., G.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Gliwny, P.; Godinović, N.; Gradetzke, T.; Grau, R.; Green, D.; Green J., G.; Günther, P.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Hassan, T.; Heckmann, L.; Herrera Llorente, J.; Hrupec, D.; Imazawa, R.; Inoue, S.; Israyelyan, D.; Jahanvi, J.; Jiménez Martínez, I.; Jiménez Quiles, J.; Jormanainen, J.; Kankkunen, S.; Kayanoki, T.; Konrad, J.; Kouch P., M.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Láinez, M.; Lamastra, A.; Lindfors, E.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López-Coto, R.; López-Moya, M.; López-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Lulić, L.; Lyard, E.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Mangano, S.; Mannheim, K.; Marchesi, S.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Maruševec, P.; Mas-Aguilar, A.; Mazin, D.; Menchiari, S.; Méndez Gallego, J.; Menon, S.; Miceli, D.; Miranda J., M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molero González, M.; Molina, E.; Mondal H., A.; Moralejo, A.; Moretti, E.; Nakamori, T.; Nanci, C.; Nava, L.; Neustroev, V.; Nickel, L.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nigro, C.; Nikolić, L.; Nilsson, K.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nozaki, S.; Okumura, A.; Otero-Santos, J.; Paiano, S.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes J., M.; Peresano, M.; Persic, M.; Pihet, M.; Pirola, G.; Podobnik, F.; Prada Moroni P., G.; Prandini, E.; Ribó, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Saturni F., G.; Schmitz, K.; Schmuckermaier, F.; Sciaccaluga, A.; Silvestri, G.; Simongini, A.; Sitarek, J.; Sliusar, V.; Sobczynska, D.; Stamerra, A.; Strišković, J.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Tajima, H.; Takahashi, M.; Takeishi, R.; Temnikov, P.; Terauchi, K.; Terzić, T.; Teshima, M.; Tutone, A.; Ubach, S.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Ventura, S.; Verna, G.; Viale, I.; Vigliano, A.; Vigorito C., F.; Visentin, E.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I.; Walter, R.; Wersig, F.; Will, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Yeung, P. K. H.
Kustantaja: EDP Sciences
Julkaisuvuosi: 2025
Journal: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Tietokannassa oleva lehden nimi: Astronomy & Astrophysics
Artikkelin numero: A96
Vuosikerta: 700
ISSN: 0004-6361
eISSN: 1432-0746
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555468
Verkko-osoite: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555468
Rinnakkaistallenteen osoite: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/499833607
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful transient objects in the Universe, and they are a primary target for the MAGIC Collaboration. Recognizing the challenges of observing these elusive objects with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), we implemented a dedicated observational strategy that included an automated procedure for rapid re-pointing to transient sources. Since 2013, this automated procedure has enabled MAGIC to observe GRBs at a rate of approximately ten per year, which led to the successful detection of two GRBs at very high energies (VHE; E > 100 GeV). We present a comprehensive analysis of 42 non-detected GRBs (4 short GRBs) observed by MAGIC from 2013 to 2019. We derived upper limits (ULs) on the observed energy flux as well as on the intrinsic energy flux corrected for absorption by the extragalactic background light (EBL) from the MAGIC observations in selected energy and time intervals. We conducted a comprehensive study of their properties to investigate the reasons for these non-detections, including the possible peculiar properties of TeV-detected GRBs. We find that strong EBL absorption significantly hinders TeV detection for the majority of GRBs in our sample. For a subset of 6 GRBs with redshift z < 2, we compared the UL on the intrinsic flux in the VHE domain with the simultaneous X-ray flux, which is observed to be at the same level in the current population of TeV-detected GRBs. Based on these inferred MAGIC ULs, we conclude that a VHE component with a luminosity comparable to the simultaneously observed X-ray luminosity cannot be ruled out for this sample.
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Julkaisussa olevat rahoitustiedot:
We would like to thank the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the German BMBF, MPG and HGF; the Italian INFN and INAF; the Swiss National Fund SNF; the grants PID2019-107988GB-C22, PID2022-136828NB-C41, PID2022-137810NB-C22, PID2022-138172NB-C41, PID2022-138172NB-C42, PID2022-138172NB-C43, PID2022-139117NB-C41, PID2022-139117NB-C42, PID2022-139117NB-C43, PID2022-139117NB-C44, CNS2023-144504 funded by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe; the Indian Department of Atomic Energy; the Japanese ICRR, the University of Tokyo, JSPS, and MEXT; the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-400/18.12.2020 and the Academy of Finland grant nr. 320045 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also been supported by Centros de Excelencia “Severo Ochoa” y Unidades “María de Maeztu” program of the Spanish MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 (CEX2019-000920-S, CEX2019-000918-M, CEX2021-001131-S) and by the CERCA institution and grants 2021SGR00426 and 2021SGR00773 of the Generalitat de Catalunya; by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2022-10-4595 and the University of Rijeka Project uniri-prirod-18-48; by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1491) and by the Lamarr-Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence; by the Polish Ministry Of Education and Science grant No. 2021/WK/08; and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ. LN acknowledges funding by the European Union-Next Generation EU, PRIN 2022 RFF M4C21.1 (202298J7KT – PEACE). Authors contributions. A. Berti: MAGIC data analysis, UL calculation, statistics on the triggers and AAS maintenance, paper editing; F. Longo: coordination of the project, discussion on the interpretation, paper editing; D. Miceli: coordination of results, MAGIC data analysis, UL derivation, multi-wavelength interpretation, leading paper drafting, writing and editing; L. Nava: coordination and leading multi-wavelength interpretation, X-ray data analysis, paper editing and drafting. A. Carosi, E. Moretti, K. Noda, A. Donini, A. Fattorini, S. Fukami, J. Green, Y. Suda: MAGIC data analysis; The rest of the authors have contributed in one or several of the following ways: design, construction, maintenance and operation of the instrument(s); preparation and/or evaluation of the observation proposals; data acquisition, processing, calibration and/or reduction; production of analysis tools and/or related Monte Carlo simulations; discussion and approval of the contents of the draft.
