A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal

Удмуртское модальное слово кулэ – имя прилагательное?




AuthorsKoivunen, Tomi

PublisherA Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó

Publication year2024

JournalFolia Uralica Debreceniensia

Volume31

First page 137

Last page153

eISSN2732-3803

Web address https://finnugor.arts.unideb.hu/fud_honlap/en/fud31cikkek.php

Self-archived copy’s web addresshttps://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/499794415


Abstract

The Udmurt language has a modal word кулэ ’must; necessary’, which is historically a finite verb form. In modern language, the word occurs only in the fossilized third person singular form. Various sources consider the word to be a verb, an adverb, a ”modal word” or do not take a position on its classification. Кулэ usually occurs as a predicate, but it can also occur as an attribute, unlike finite verb forms in general. In addition, it can acquire the plural form of adjectives and nouns can be derived from it with stems that are usually associated with adjectives, e.g. кулэ + лык > кулэлык ’need’. The article discusses whether it would be more meaningful to classify the word as an adjective rather than a verb or adverb. Based on the corpus data, it seems that кулэ does not function in the same way as other Udmurt verbs, but it does not meet all the characteristics of adjectives either.


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Last updated on 2025-12-09 at 08:18