A2 Refereed review article in a scientific journal
Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update
Authors: Klotz, Luisa; Saraste, Maija; Airas, Laura; Kuhlmann, Tanja
Publisher: University of Muenster
Publication year: 2025
Journal: Free Neuropathology
Journal name in source: Free Neuropathology
Article number: 14
Volume: 6
eISSN: 2699-4445
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17879/freeneuropathology-2025-6762
Web address : https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/fnp/article/view/6762
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/499592351
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease that leads to neurological disability, with ongoing challenges in understanding its initiation, predicting progression, and optimizing personalized treatment. This review article summarizes key research findings from 2024, covering advances in diagnostic criteria, understanding of pathophysiology, and treatment strategies. New studies reinforce the strong link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS, while recent data point towards a role of genetics in MS disease progression. The 2024 McDonald criteria revision enhances diagnostic specificity and includes novel MRI markers and facilitates measurement of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Additionally, recent genetic discoveries, advanced imaging techniques, and emerging biomarkers are refining disease monitoring and prognosis. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic developments, including Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapies, with the former representing a paradigm shift in the potential of targeting MS progression beyond focal inflammation.
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Funding information in the publication:
This work was supported by the DFG, CRC TR128 project A08 to LK and B07 to T.K., TRR332 project B2 to L.K, Ku1477/13-1 to T.K., by the National MS Society (RFA180-2202-39141 to LK and TK), the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (KuT3/010/24 to T.K. and L.K.), by the InFLAMES Flagship Program of the Research Council of Finland (Decision numbers: 337530, 357910 and 358823), Research Council of Finland Clinical Investigator Grant Program (decision number: 330902), US National MS Society (RFA-2203-39281) and Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation to L.A.
