A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
From Product to Producer: The Impact of Perceptual Evidence and Robot Embodiment on the Human Assessment of AI Creativity
Authors: Pennanen, Niki; Linkola, Simo; Kantosalo, Anna; Hiillos, Nicolas; Männistö, Tomi; Guckelsberger, Christian
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Publishing place: NEW YORK
Publication year: 2025
Journal: ACM TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION
Journal name in source: ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction
Journal acronym: ACM T HUM-ROBOT INTE
Article number: 41
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Number of pages: 583
eISSN: 2573-9522
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3711939
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1145/3711939
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/499387890
While creative artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming integral to our lives, we know little about what makes us call AI "creative". Informed by prior theoretical and empirical work, we investigate how perceiving evidence of a creative act beyond the final product affects our assessment of robot creativity. We study embodiment morphology as a potential moderator of this relationship, informing a 3 x 2 factorial design. In two lab experiments on visual art, participants (N = 30 + 60) assessed drawings produced by two physical robots with different morphologies, under exposure to product, process and producer as three levels of perceptual evidence. The data supports that the human assessment of robot creativity is significantly higher the more is revealed beyond the product about the creation process, and eventually the producer. We find no significant effects of embodiment morphology, contrasting existing hypotheses and offering a more detailed understanding for future work. The latter is also informed by additional exploratory analyses revealing factors potentially influencing creativity assessments, including perceived robot likeability and participants' experience with robotics and AI. Our insights empirically ground existing design patterns, foster fairness and validity in system comparisons, and contribute to a deeper understanding of our relationship with creative AI and thus its adoption in society.
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Funding information in the publication:
This work was financially supported by the Academy of Finland (#328729, CACDAR) and the Helsinki Institute for Information Technology.
