Self-determination remains a fundamental yet contentious norm in international law, simultaneously facilitating realisation of the rights of peoples and serving as a tool in geopolitical manoeuvring. Despite its historical role in dismantling colonial structures, its practical enforcement continues to be constrained by the prevailing international legal framework. Contemporary developments underscore the persistent friction between aspirations for autonomy and the imperatives of state sovereignty, particularly in disputes over territorial integrity. Examining the Russian Federation’s use of self-determination to assert influence over separatist regions, this study highlights a shift from the protection of minority rights to strategic political intervention.By assessing this evolution, the analysis contributes to the broader discussion on the legal and geopolitical implications of self-determination in the contemporary international order.