A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Euclid preparation LXII. Simulations and non-linearities beyond Lambda cold dark matter. 1. Numerical methods and validation
Authors: Adamek, J.; Fiorini, B.; Baldi, M.; Brando, G.; Breton, M.-A.; Hassani, F.; Koyama, K.; Le, Brun A. M. C.; Rácz, G.; Winther, H.-A.; Casalino, A.; Hernández-Aguayo, C.; Li, B.; Potter, D.; Altamura, E.; Carbone, C.; Giocoli, C.; Mota, D. F.; Pourtsidou, A.; Sakr, Z.; Vernizzi, F.; Amara, A.; Andreon, S.; Auricchio, N.; Baccigalupi, C.; Bardelli, S.; Battaglia, P.; Bonino, D.; Branchini, E.; Brescia, M.; Brinchmann, J.; Caillat, A.; Camera, S.; Capobianco, V.; Cardone, V. F.; Carretero, J.; Casas, S.; Castander, F. J.; Castellano, M.; Castignani, G.; Cavuoti, S.; Cimatti, A.; Colodro-Conde, C.; Congedo, G.; Conselice, C. J.; Conversi, L.; Copin, Y.; Courbin, F.; Courtois, H. M.; Silva, A. D.; Degaudenzi, H.; De, Lucia G.; Douspis, M.; Dubath, F.; Dupac, X.; Dusini, S.; Farina, M.; Farrens, S.; Ferriol, S.; Fosalba, P.; Frailis, M.; Franceschi, E.; Fumana, M.; Galeotta, S.; Gillis, B.; Gómez-Alvarez, P.; Grazian, A.; Grupp, F.; Guzzo, L.; Haugan, S. V. H.; Holmes, W.; Hormuth, F.; Hornstrup, A.; Ilić, S.; Jahnke, K.; Jhabvala, M.; Joachimi, B.; Keihänen, E.; Kermiche, S.; Kiessling, A.; Kilbinger, M.; Kubik, B.; Kümmel, M.; Kunz, M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Ligori, S.; Lilje, P. B.; Lindholm, V.; Lloro, I.; Mainetti, G.; Maiorano, E.; Mansutti, O.; Marggraf, O.; Markovic, K.; Martinelli, M.; Martinet, N.; Marulli, F.; Massey, R.; Medinaceli, E.; Mei, S.; Melchior, M.; Mellier, Y.; Meneghetti, M.; Merlin, E.; Meylan, G.; Moresco, M.; Moscardini, L.; Neissner, C.; Niemi, S.-M.; Padilla, C.; Paltani, S.; Pasian, F.; Pedersen, K.; Percival, W. J.; Pettorino, V.; Pires, S.; Polenta, G.; Poncet, M.; Popa, L. A.; Pozzetti, L.; Raison, F.; Renzi, A.; Rhodes, J.; Riccio, G.; Romelli, E.; Roncarelli, M.; Saglia, R.; Sánchez, A. G.; Sapone, D.; Sartoris, B.; Schirmer, M.; Schrabback, T.; Secroun, A.; Seidel, G.; Serrano, S.; Sirignano, C.; Sirri, G.; Stanco, L.; Steinwagner, J.; Tallada-Crespí, P.; Tavagnacco, D.; Tereno, I.; Toledo-Moreo, R.; Torradeflot, F.; Tutusaus, I.; Valentijn, E. A.; Valenziano, L.; Vassallo, T.; Verdoe, Kleijn G.; Veropalumbo, A.; Wang, Y.; Weller, J.; Zamorani, G.; Zucca, E.; Biviano, A.; Burigana, C.; Calabrese, M.; Di, Ferdinando D.; Escarti, Vigo J. A.; Fabbian, G.; Finelli, F.; Gracia-Carpio, J.; Matthew, S.; Mauri, N.; Pezzotta, A.; Pöntinen, M.; Scottez, V.; Tenti, M.; Viel, M.; Wiesmann, M.; Akrami, Y.; Allevato, V.; Anselmi, S.; Archidiacono, M.; Atrio-Barandela, F.; Balaguera-Antolinez, A.; Ballardini, M.; Blanchard, A.; Blot, L.; Böhringer, H.; Borgani, S.; Bruton, S.; Cabanac, R.; Calabro, A.; Camacho, Quevedo B.; Cañas-Herrera, G.; Cappi, A.; Caro, F.; Carvalho, C. S.; Castro, T.; Chambers, K. C.; Contarini, S.; Cooray, A. R.; Desprez, G.; Díaz-Sánchez, A.; Diaz, J. J.; Di, Domizio S.; Dole, H.; Escoffier, S.; Ferrari, A. G.; Ferreira, P. G.; Ferrero, I.; Finoguenov, A.; Fornari, F.; Gabarra, L.; Ganga, K.; García-Bellido, J.; Gasparetto, T.; Gautard, V.; Gaztanaga, E.; Giacomini, F.; Gianotti, F.; Gozaliasl, G.; Gutierrez, C. M.; Hall, A.; Hildebrandt, H.; Hjorth, J.; Jimene, Muñoz A.; Joudaki, S.; Kajava, J. J. E.; Kansal, V.; Karagiannis, D.; Kirkpatrick, C. C.; Kruk, S.; Graet, J. L.; Legrand, L.; Lesgourgues, J.; Liaudat, T. I.; Loureiro, A.; Maggio, G.; Magliocchetti, M.; Mannucci, F.; Maoli, R.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Maurin, L.; Metcalf, R. B.; Migliaccio, M.; Miluzio, M.; Monaco, P.; Montoro, A.; Mora, A.; Moretti, C.; Morgante, G.; Nadathur, S.; Patrizii, L.; Popa, V.; Reimberg, P.; Risso, I.; Rocci, P.-F.; Sahlén, M.; Sarpa, E.; Schneider, A.; Sereno, M.; Silvestri, A.; Spurio, Mancini A.; Tanidis, K.; Tao, C.; Tessore, N.; Testera, G.; Teyssier, R.; Toft, S.; Tosi, S.; Troja, A.; Tucci, M.; Valieri, C.; Valiviita, J.; Vergani, D.; Verza, G.; Vielzeuf, P.; Walton, N. A.; Euclid Collaboration
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Publishing place: LES ULIS CEDEX A
Publication year: 2025
Journal: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Journal name in source: Astronomy & Astrophysics
Journal acronym: ASTRON ASTROPHYS
Article number: A230
Volume: 695
Number of pages: 21
ISSN: 0004-6361
eISSN: 1432-0746
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452180
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452180
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/491825404
To constrain cosmological models beyond Lambda CDM, the development of the Euclid analysis pipeline requires simulations that capture the non-linear phenomenology of such models. We present an overview of numerical methods and N-body simulation codes developed to study the non-linear regime of structure formation in alternative dark energy and modified gravity theories. We review a variety of numerical techniques and approximations employed in cosmological N-body simulations to model the complex phenomenology of scenarios beyond Lambda CDM. This includes discussions on solving non-linear field equations, accounting for fifth forces, and implementing screening mechanisms. Furthermore, we conduct a code comparison exercise to assess the reliability and convergence of different simulation codes across a range of models. Our analysis demonstrates a high degree of agreement among the outputs of different simulation codes, typically within 2% for the predicted modification of the matter power spectrum and within 4% for the predicted modification of the halo mass function, although some approximations degrade accuracy a bit further. This provides confidence in current numerical methods of modelling cosmic structure formation beyond Lambda CDM. We highlight recent advances made in simulating the non-linear scales of structure formation, which are essential for leveraging the full scientific potential of the forthcoming observational data from the Euclid mission.
Downloadable publication This is an electronic reprint of the original article. |  |
Funding information in the publication:
We thank R.E. Smith for his diligent work as internal referee and P. Schneider for carefully proofreading the manuscript. The work of JA is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. During part of this work, AMCLB was supported by a fellowship of PSL University hosted by the Paris Observatory. This project was provided with computer and storage resources by GENCI at CINES thanks to the grant 2023-A0150402287 on the supercomputer Adastra’s GENOA partition. GR’s research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities under contract with NASA. GR was supported by JPL, which is run under contract by the California Institute of Technology for NASA (80NM0018D0004). The Euclid Consortium acknowledges the European Space Agency and a number of agencies and institutes that have supported the development of Euclid, in particular the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Austrian Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft, funded through BMK, the Belgian Science Policy, the Canadian Euclid Consortium, the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, the DTU Space and the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark, the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovatión y Universidades, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie, the Norwegian Space Agency, the Research Council of Finland, the Romanian Space Agency, the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO), and the United Kingdom Space Agency. A complete and detailed list is available on the Euclid web site (http://www.euclid-ec.org).
