A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Multi-epoch leptohadronic modeling of neutrino source candidate blazar PKS 0735+178
Authors: Omeliukh, A.; Garrappa, S.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Franckowiak, A.; Winter, W.; Lindfors, E.; Nilsson, K.; Jormanainen, J.; Wierda, F.; Filippenko, A. V.; Zheng, W.; Tornikoski, M.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Kankkunen, S.; Tammi, J.
Publisher: EDP Sciences
Publishing place: LES ULIS CEDEX A
Publication year: 2025
Journal: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Journal name in source: Astronomy & Astrophysics
Journal acronym: ASTRON ASTROPHYS
Article number: A266
Volume: 695
Number of pages: 15
ISSN: 0004-6361
eISSN: 1432-0746
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452143(external)
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452143(external)
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/491824068(external)
Context. The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux discovered by IceCube remains largely unknown. Several individual neutrino source candidates were observed. Among them is the gamma-ray flaring blazar TXS 0506+056. A similar coincidence of a high-energy neutrino and a gamma-ray flare was found in blazar PKS 0735+178.
Aims. By modeling the spectral energy distributions of PKS 0735+178, we aimed to explore the physical conditions that lead to neutrino production at different stages of the source's activity.
Methods. We analyzed the multiwavelength data from the selected time periods. Using numerical simulations of radiation processes in the source, we explored the parameter space of one-zone leptonic and leptohadronic models to find the best-fit solutions that explain the observed photon fluxes.
Results. We demonstrated how model parameter degeneracy affected the prediction of neutrino spectra. We showed that the available multiwavelength data were insufficient to predict the neutrino spectrum unambiguously. However, under the condition of neutrino rates maximization, we proposed a scenario in which 0.1 neutrino events were produced during the 50-day flare.
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Funding information in the publication:
This publication makes use of data obtained at the Metsähovi Radio Observatory, operated by the Aalto University. A.O. was supported by DAAD funding program 57552340. A.F. acknowledges support from the DFG via the Collaborative Research Center SFB1491 Cosmic Interacting Matters – From Source to Signal. A.V.F.'s research group at UC Berkeley acknowledges financial assistance from the Christopher R. Redlich Fund, Gary and Cynthia Bengier, Clark and Sharon Winslow, Alan Eustace (W.Z. is a Bengier-Winslow-Eustace Specialist in Astronomy), and numerous other donors. KAIT and its ongoing operation were made possible by donations from Sun Microsystems, Inc., the Hewlett-Packard Company, AutoScope Corporation, Lick Observatory, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the University of California, the Sylvia & Jim Katzman Foundation, and the TABASGO Foundation. Research at Lick Observatory is partially supported by a generous gift from Google.
