A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Solar Modulation of Cosmic Nuclei over a Solar Cycle: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
Authors: Aguilar, M.; Alpat, B.; Ambrosi, G.; Anderson, H.; Arruda, L.; Attig, N.; Bagwell, C.; Barao, F.; Barbanera, M.; Barrin, L.; Bartoloni, A.; Battiston, R.; Bayyari, A.; Belyaev, N.; Bertucci, B.; Bindi, V.; Bollweg, K.; Bolster, J.; Borchiellini, M.; Borgia, B.; Boschini, M. J.; Bourquin, M.; Brugnoni, C.; Burger, J.; Burger, W. J.; Burzillà, N.; Cai, X. D.; Capell, M.; Casaus, J.; Castellini, G.; Cervelli, F.; Chang, Y. H.; Chen, G. M.; Chen, G. R.; Chen, H.; Chen, H. S.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, L.; Chou, H. Y.; Chouridou, S.; Choutko, V.; Chung, C. H.; Clark, C.; Coignet, G.; Consolandi, C.; Contin, A.; Corti, C.; Cui, Z.; Dadzie, K.; D'Angelo, F.; Dass, A.; Delgado, C.; Della Torre, S.; Demirköz, M. B.; Derome, L.; Di Falco, S.; Di Felice, V.; Díaz, C.; Dimiccoli, F.; von Doetinchem, P.; Dong, F.; Duranti, M.; Egorov, A.; Eline, A.; Faldi, F.; Fehr, D.; Feng, J.; Fiandrini, E.; Fisher, P.; Formato, V.; García-López, R. J.; Gargiulo, C.; Gast, H.; Gervasi, M.; Giovacchini, F.; Gómez-Coral, D. M.; Gong, J.; Grandi, D.; Graziani, M.; Haino, S.; Han, K. C.; Hashmani, R. K.; He, Z. H.; Heber, B.; Hernández-Nicolás, F.; Hsieh, T. H.; Hu, J. Y.; Huang, B. W.; Ionica, M.; Incagli, M.; Jia, Y.; Jinchi, H.; Karagöz, G.; Kirn, T.; Klipfel, A. P.; Kounina, O.; Kounine, A.; Koutsenko, V.; Krasnopevtsev, D.; Kuhlman, A.; Kulemzin, A.; La Vacca, G.; Laudi, E.; Laurenti, G.; LaVecchia, G.; Lazzizzera, I.; Lee, H. T.; Lee, S. C.; Li, H. L.; Li, J. H.; Li, J. Q.; Li, M.; Li, M.; Li, Q.; Li, Q.; Li, Q. Y.; Li, S.; Li, S. L.; Li, Z. H.; Liang, M. J.; Liao, P.; Lin, C. H.; Lippert, T.; Liu, J. H.; Liu, P. C.; Liu, Z.; Lu, S. Q.; Lu, Y. S.; Luo, J. Z.; Luo, Q.; Luo, S. D.; Luo, X.; Mañá, C.; Marín, J.; Marquardt, J.; Martínez, G.; Masi, N.; Maurin, D.; Medvedeva, T.; Menchaca-Rocha, A.; Meng, Q.; Mikhailov, V. V.; Molero, M.; Mott, P.; Mussolin, L.; Jozani, Y. N.; Nicolaidis, R.; Nikonov, N.; Nozzoli, F.; Ocampo-Peleteiro, J.; Oliva, A.; Orcinha, M.; Palmonari, F.; Paniccia, M.; Pashnin, A.; Pauluzzi, M.; Pelosi, D.; Pensotti, S.; Pietzcker, P.; Plyaskin, V.; Poluianov, S.; Pridöhl, D.; Qu, Z. Y.; Quadrani, L.; Rancoita, P. G.; Rapin, D.; Conde, A. R.; Robyn, E.; Rodríguez-García, I.; Romaneehsen, L.; Rossi, F.; Rozhkov, A.; Rozza, D.; Sagdeev, R.; Schael, S.; von Dratzig, A. S.; Schwering, G.; Seo, E. S.; Shan, B. S.; Shukla, A.; Siedenburg, T.; Siemko, A.; Silvestre, G.; Song, J. W.; Song, X. J.; Sonnabend, R.; Strigari, L.; Su, T.; Sun, Q.; Sun, Z. T.; Tabarroni, L.; Tacconi, M.; Tang, Z. C.; Tian, J.; Tian, Y.; Ting, S. C. C.; Ting, S. M.; Tomassetti, N.; Torsti, J.; Ubaldi, A.; Urban, T.; Usoskin, I.; Vagelli, V.; Vainio, R.; Väisänen, P.; Valencia-Otero, M.; Valente, E.; Valtonen, E.; Vázquez Acosta, M.; Vecchi, M.; Velasco, M.; Wang, C. X.; Wang, J. C.; Wang, L.; Wang, L. Q.; Wang, N. H.; Wang, Q. L.; Wang, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z. M.; Wei, J.; Weng, Z. L.; Wu, H.; Wu, Y.; Wu, Z. B.; Xiao, J. N., Xiong, R. Q.; Xiong, X. Z.; Xu, W.; Yan, Q.; Yang, H. T.; Yang, Y.; Yi, H.; You, Y. H.; Yu, Y. M.; Yu, Z. Q.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, F. Z.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J. H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, P. W.; Zheng, C.; Zheng, Z. M.; Zhuang, H. L.; Zhukov, V.; Zichichi, A.; Zuberi, M.; Zuccon, P.; AMS Collaboration
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Publication year: 2025
Journal: Physical Review Letters
Journal name in source: Physical Review Letters
Journal acronym: Phys Rev Lett
Article number: 051001
Volume: 134
Issue: 5
ISSN: 0031-9007
eISSN: 1079-7114
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.051001
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.134.051001
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/491490577
We report the properties of precision time structures of cosmic nuclei He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O fluxes over an 11-year solar cycle from May 2011 to November 2022 in the rigidity range from 1.92 to 60.3 GV. The nuclei fluxes show similar but not identical time variations with amplitudes decreasing with increasing rigidity. In particular, below 3.64 GV the Li, Be, and B fluxes, and below 2.15 GV the C, N, and O fluxes, are significantly less affected by solar modulation than the He flux. We observe that these differences in solar modulation are linearly correlated with the differences in the spectral indices of the cosmic nuclei fluxes. This shows, in a model-independent way, that solar modulation of galactic cosmic nuclei depends on their spectral shape. In addition, solar modulation differences due to nuclei velocity dependence on the mass-to-charge ratio (A/Z) are not observed.
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We are grateful for important physics discussions with Igor Moskalenko. We thank former NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin for his dedication to the legacy of the ISS as a scientific laboratory and his decision for NASA to fly AMS as a DOE payload. We also acknowledge the continuous support of the NASA leadership, particularly Ken Bowersox and of the JSC and MSFC flight control teams that have allowed AMS to operate optimally on the ISS for over 13 years. We are grateful for the support of Regina Rameika and Glen Crawford of the DOE including resources from the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We gratefully acknowledge the strong support from CERN, including Fabiola Gianotti, and the CERN IT department, including Bernd Panzer-Steindel. We also acknowledge the continuous support from MIT and its School of Science, Nergis Mavalvala, and the Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Boleslaw Wyslouch. Research supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of High Energy Physics, National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC), and Ministry of Science and Technology, National Key R&D Program Grants No. 2022YFA1604802 and No. 2022YFA1604803, NSFC Grant No. 12275158, the China Scholarship Council, the provincial governments of Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong University, and the Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology, China; Research Council of Finland, Project No. 321882, and Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Grant No. 301123, Finland; CNRS/IN2P3 and CNES, France; DLR under Grant No. 50OO1803 and computing support on the JARA Partition of the RWTH Aachen supercomputer, Germany; INFN and ASI under ASI-INFN Agreements No. 2019-19-HH.0, its amendments, No. 2021-43-HH.0, and ASI-University of Perugia Agreement No. 2019-2-HH.0, and the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) through the program “Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023-2027” (Grant SUPER-C), Italy; the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) under Grant No. CF-2019/2042 and UNAM, Mexico; NWO under Grant No. 680-1-004, Netherlands; FCT under Grant No. CERN/FIS-PAR/0013/2019, Portugal; CIEMAT, IAC, CDTI, MCIN-AEI, and ERDF under Grants No. PID2022-137810NB-C21/C22, No. PCI2023-145945-2, No. PCI2023-145961-2, No. CEX2019-000920-S, and No. JDC2022-049705-I, Spain; the Fondation Dr. Manfred Steuer and the Fondation Ernst et Lucie Schmidheiny, Switzerland; Academia Sinica, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), formerly the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), under Grants No. 111-2123-M-001-004 and No. 111-2112-M-006-029, High Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education at National Cheng Kung University, former Presidents of Academia Sinica Yuan-Tseh Lee and Chi-Huey Wong and former Ministers of NSTC (formerly MOST) Maw-Kuen Wu and Luo-Chuan Lee, Taiwan; the Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK) under Grant No. 2020TAEK(CERN)A5.H1.F5-26, Türkiye; and NSF Grant No. 2013228 and ANSWERS proposals No. 2149809, No. 2149810, and No. 2149811, LWS NASA Grant/Cooperative Agreement No. 80NSSC20K1819, and FINESST NASA Grant No. 80NSSC21K1392, USA.
