A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Global epidemiology, seasonality and climatic drivers of the four human parainfluenza virus types
Authors: Song, Yi; Gong, Yu-Nong; Chen, Kuan-Fu; Smith, David K.; Zaraket, Hassan; Bialasiewicz, Seweryn; Tozer, Sarah; Chan, Paul K.S.; Koay, Evelyn S,C,; Lee, Hong Kai; Tee, Kok Keng; Fraaij, Pieter L,A,; Jennings, Lance; Waris, Matti; Nishimura, Hidekazu; Watanabe, Aripuana; Sloots, Theo; Kok, Jen; Dwyer, Dominic E.; Koopmans, Marion P,G,; Smith, David W.; Tang, Julian W.; Lam, Tommy T.Y.; INSPIRE consortium
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Publishing place: LONDON
Publication year: 2025
Journal: Journal of Infection
Journal name in source: Journal of Infection
Journal acronym: J INFECTION
Article number: 106451
Volume: 90
Issue: 2
Number of pages: 8
ISSN: 0163-4453
eISSN: 1532-2742
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106451
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106451
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/491401540
Objectives: Human parainfluenza viruses (hPIV) are a common cause of acute respiratory infections, especially in children under five years and the elderly. hPIV can be subclassified as types 1-4: these showed various seasonality patterns worldwide, and it is unclear how climatic factors might consistently explain their global epidemiology. Methods: This study collected time-series incidence data from the literature and hPIV surveillance programs worldwide (47 locations). Wavelet analysis and circular statistics were used to detect the seasonality and the months of peak incidence for each hPIV type. Relationships between climatic drivers and incidence peaks were assessed using a generalized estimating equation. Results: The average positive rate of hPIV among patients with respiratory symptoms was 5.6% and ranged between 0.69-3.48% for different types. In the northern temperate region, the median peak incidence months for hPIV1, hPIV2, and hPIV4 were from September to October, while for hPIV3, it was in late May. Seasonal peaks of hPIV3 were associated with higher monthly temperatures and lower diurnal temperatures range throughout the year; hPIV4 peaks appeared to correlate with lower monthly temperatures and higher precipitation throughout the year. Different hPIV types exhibit different patterns of global epidemiology and transmission. Conclusions: Climate drivers may play a role in hPIV transmission. More comprehensive and coherent surveillance of hPIV types would enable more in-depth analyses and inform the timing of preventive measures. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Infection Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Funding information in the publication:
This project is supported by Theme-based Research Scheme (T11-712/19-N) and Collaborative Research Fund (C5079-21G) of the University Grants Commission Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute funding (HKJCGHI), and the InnoHK funding (to D24H) from Hong Kong Government’s Innovation and Technology Commission.
