A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
ADP-ribosyltransferase-based biocatalysis of non-hydrolyzable NAD+ analogs
Authors: Sakari, Moona; Bhadane, Rajendra; Kumar, Sujit; Azevedo, Rita; Malakoutikhah, Morteza; Masoumi, Ahmadreza; Littler, Dene R; Härmä, Harri; Kopra, Kari; Pulliainen, Art To
Publication year: 2025
Journal: Journal of Biological Chemistry
Article number: 108106
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
eISSN: 1083-351X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2024.108106
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2024.108106
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/477824313
Enzyme promiscuity is the ability of an enzyme to catalyze an unexpected side reaction in addition to its main reaction. Here, we describe a biocatalytic process to produce nonhydrolyzable NAD+ analogs based on the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of pertussis toxin PtxS1 subunit. First, in identical manner to normal catalysis, PtxS1 activates NAD+ to form the reactive oxocarbenium cation. Subsequently, the electrophilic ribose 1' carbon of the oxocarbenium cation is subject of an attack by the nitrogen atom of an amino group coupled to nicotinamide mimicking compounds. The nitrogen atom acts as the nucleophile instead of the natural sulfur atom substrate of the human Gαi protein. The invention builds on structural data indicating the presence of an NAD+ analog, benzamide amino adenine dinucleotide, at the NAD+ binding site of PtxS1. This was witnessed upon cocrystallization of PtxS1 with NAD+ and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB). A pharmacophore-based screening on 3-AB followed by quantum mechanical simulations identified analogs of 3-AB with capacity to react with the oxocarbenium cation. Based on HPLC and mass spectrometry, we confirmed the formation of benzamide amino adenine dinucleotide by PtxS1, and also identified two new chemical entities. We name the new entities as isoindolone amine adenine dinucleotide, and isoquinolinone amine adenine dinucleotide, the latter being a highly fluorescent compound. The new NAD+ analogs emerge as valuable tools to study the structural biology and enzymology of NAD+ binding and consuming enzymes, such as human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases and bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase exotoxins, and to advance the ongoing drug development efforts.
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Funding information in the publication:
This work was financially supported by the Research Council of Finland grants with project numbers 295296 and 329252 to A. T. P. as well as 323433 and 353324 to K. K., and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Pioneer Innovation Grant with a project number 0076770 to A. T. P.. A. T. P. also acknowledges financial support from the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation and the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. M. S. has received a 2-years salary package from the Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM), and the 1-year Finnish Cultural Foundation as well as the 1-year Turku University Foundation salary grant packages.