A4 Refereed article in a conference publication 
Evaluating Piezoelectric Ballistocardiography for Post-Surgical Heart Rate Monitoring
Authors: Seifizarei, Sepehr; Elnaggar, Ismail; Rikken, Lars; Anzanpour, Arman; Linckens, Stephan; Toffoli, Enrico; Vandewauw, Ine; Van De Poll, Marcel CG; Airola, Antti; Kaisti, Matti; De Kok, Margreet; Koivisto, Tero 
Editors: N/A
Conference name: Computing in cardiology conference
Publication year: 2024
Journal:Computing in Cardiology
Book title : Computing in Cardiology 2024
Volume: 51
ISSN: 2325-8861
eISSN: 2325-887X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22489/cinc.2024.309
Web address : https://doi.org/10.22489/cinc.2024.309
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/477790500
Ballistocardiography (BCG) is a non-invasive technique measuring heart and circulatory activity, proposed as an alternative to ECG for long-term heart rate monitoring. This study evaluates a custom multi-node piezoelectric BCG sensing mat for heart rate measurement compared to single-lead ECG in post-cardiac surgery patients. 14 patients (10 males, mean age 63.47 ± 9.35) postcoronary artery bypass (N=8) or heart valve repair (N=6) were enrolled at Maastricht University Medical Center. Patients in the cardiac ICU used a bed with a custom BCG sensor mat (10 PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric sensors, 90x50 cm²). BCG and ECG were recorded simultaneously for an average of 15 hours per patient. BCG heart rate values were extracted over ten-second epochs using a multinode rule-based algorithm. Performance was assessed using mean absolute error (MAE) comparing BCG and ECG heart rates. Heart rate values derived from the piezoelectric BCG mat resulted in a weighted mean MAE of 1.41 bpm with 66.14% coverage compared to ECG. Piezoelectric BCG shows promise as an accurate heart rate measurement method in post-cardiac surgery patients, offering a non-invasive alternative to ECG. These findings support further development of this technology for clinical use in remote heart rate monitoring.
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