A2 Refereed review article in a scientific journal
Environmental Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review and Policy Implications
Authors: Atterling Brolin, Kajsa; Schaeffer, Eva; Kuri, Ashvin; Rumrich, Isabell Katharina; Schumacher Schuh, Artur Francisco; Darweesh, Sirwan K. L.; Kaasinen, Valtteri; Tolppanen, Anna-Maija; Chahine, Lana M.; Noyce, Alastair J.
Publisher: Wiley Periodicals LLC
Publication year: 2024
Journal: Movement Disorders
Journal name in source: MOVEMENT DISORDERS
ISSN: 0885-3185
eISSN: 1531-8257
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.30067
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.30067
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/477116910
Preprint address: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.30067
The age-standardized prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has increased substantially over the years and is expected to increase further. This emphasizes the need to identify modifiable risk factors of PD, which could form a logical entry point for the prevention of PD. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended reducing exposure to specific environmental factors that have been reported to be associated with PD, in particular pesticides, trichloroethylene (TCE), and air pollution. In this review we critically evaluate the epidemiological and biological evidence on the associations of these factors with PD and review evidence on whether these putative associations are causal. We conclude that when considered in isolation, it is difficult to determine whether these associations are causal, in large part because of the decades-long lag between relevant exposures and the incidence of manifest PD. However, when considered in tandem with evidence from complementary research lines (such as animal models), it is increasingly likely that these associations reflect harmful causal effects. Fundamentally, whilst we highlight some evidence gaps that require further attention, we believe the current evidence base is sufficiently strong enough to support our call for stronger policy action.
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Funding information in the publication:
K.A.B. reports a grant from Parkinson's UK, is a member of the GBA1 Canada initiative (G-Can) Scientific Advisory Board, and is supported by an employment subcontract with Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) to collaborate on the Aligning Science Across Parkinson's Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (ASAP-GP2). E.S. reports having received speaker honoraria from Zambon. A.F.S.S. report grants from The Michael J. Fox Foundation, CNPq, and Fapergs. S.K.L.D. currently serves on the editorial board of Neurology, Frontiers of Neurology, and Brain Sciences; has received fees for speaking at conferences and podcasts from AbbVie; and has received research support from the Parkinson's Foundation (PF-FBS-2026) and ZonMW. V.K. sits on the advisory boards of AbbVie and Nordic Infucare AB; has received honoraria from AbbVie, Nordic Infucare, Orion Pharma, Eisai, and Teva; and reports grants from The Finnish Parkinson Foundation, The Finnish Cultural Foundation, The Turku University Foundation, and Turku University Hospital (VTR-funds). A.M.T. reports grants from Horizon Europe, The Michael J. Fox Foundation, and from Amgen paid through the institution of employment outside of the submitted work. A.J.N. reports grants from Parkinson's UK, Barts Charity, Cure Parkinson's, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Innovate UK, Virginia Keiley benefaction, Solvemed, the Medical College of Saint Bartholomew's Hospital Trust, Alchemab, (ASAP-GP2) and The Michael J. Fox Foundation, and reports consultancy and personal fees from AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Profile, Bial, Charco Neurotech, Alchemab, Sosei Heptares, Umedeor, and Britannia. A.J.N. also reports having share options in Umedeor and is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Parkinson's Disease. A.K., I.K.R., and L.M.C. have no financial disclosures.
