Shipping accounts for around 2.7% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. To become low carbon and, ultimately, carbon neutral or even zero carbon, the industry must gradually shift away from current fossil fuels to new low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels. These include biomass-based fuels, as well as hydrogen and hydrogen carriers. Currently, hydrogen is mainly produced with fossil fuels, whereas carbon-neutral production is based on energy-intensive water electrolysis. At the same time, the world is in serious need of electrifying other sectors of energy production. This chapter quantifies the challenge of decarbonising shipping-together with other modes of long-distance transport. The analysis shows that the current production is far from sufficient and that sufficient investments to produce low-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels are not made. In particular, the fossil fuel industry could be incentivised to shift toward fossil free production.