Food Consumption and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes in Children at Increased Genetic Susceptibility for Type 1 Diabetes
: Virtanen, Suvi M; Peltonen, Essi J; Hakola, Leena; Niinistö, Sari; Takkinen, Hanna-Mari; Ahonen, Suvi; Åkerlund, Mari; Uusitalo, Ulla; Mattila, Markus; Salo, Tuuli EI; Ilonen, Jorma; Toppari, Jorma; Veijola, Riitta; Knip, Mikael; Nevalainen, Jaakko
Publisher: Elsevier
: 2024
: Journal of Nutrition
: The Journal of Nutrition
: 154
: 11
: 3465
: 3474
: 0022-3166
: 1541-6100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.018
: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.018
: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/459083555
BackgroundProspective longitudinal evidence considering the entire childhood food consumption in relation to the development of islet autoimmunity (IA or) type 1 diabetes is lacking.ObjectivesWe studied the associations of consumption of various foods and their combinations with IA and type 1 diabetes risk.MethodsChildren with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes born in 1996–2004 were followed from birth up to ≤6 y of age in the prospective birth cohort type 1 diabetes prediction and prevention study (n = 5674). Exposure variables included 34 food groups covering the entire diet based on repeated 3-d food records at ages 3 mo to 6 y. Endpoints were islet cell antibodies plus biochemical IA (n = 247), multiple biochemical IA (n = 206), and type 1 diabetes (n = 94). We analyzed associations between longitudinally observed foods and risk of IA/type 1 diabetes using a Bayesian approach to joint models in 1-food and multi-food models adjusted for energy intake, sex, human leukocyte antigen genotype, and familial diabetes.ResultsThe final multi-food model for islet cell antibodies plus biochemical IA included oats [hazard ratio (HR): 1.09; 95% credible interval (CI): 1.04, 1.14], banana (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.11), and cruciferous vegetables (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.94). The final model for multiple biochemical IA included, in addition to the above-mentioned foods, fermented dairy (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.78) and wheat (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.18). The final multi-food model for type 1 diabetes included rye (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.50), oats (HR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.26), fruits (HR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09), and berries (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.93).ConclusionsHigher consumption of oats, gluten-containing cereals, and fruits was associated with increased that of cruciferous vegetables with decreased risk of several type 1 diabetes-related endpoints when considering all the foods in combination. Further etiological and mechanistic studies are warranted.
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This study was supported by the Research Council of Finland (grants 63672, 68292, 79685, 79686, 80846, 114666, 126813, 129492, 139391, 201988, 210632, 250114, 276475, 308066, 339922); European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes award supported by EFSD/JDRF/Lilly; the Diabetes Research Foundation; the Juho Vainio Foundation; the Yrj€o Jahnsson Foundation; Competitive Research Funding of the Turku and Oulu University Hospitals; the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (grants 9E082, 9F089, 9G087, 9H092, 9J147, 9K149, 9L042, 9L117, 9M036, 9M114, 9N086, 9P057, 9R055, 9S074, 9T072, 9U065, 9V072, 9X062, 9AA084, 9AB083); the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (grants 4-1998-274, 4-1999-731, 4-2001- 435, 1-SRA-2016-342-M-R, 1-SRA-2019-732-M-B, and 3-SRA- 2020-955-S-B); the Novo Nordisk Foundation; the European Union Biomed 2 Program (BMH4-CT98-3314). The funding organizations had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, nor in writing and the decision to submit the report.
