A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Improved sleep stage predictions by deep learning of photoplethysmogram and respiration patterns
Authors: Kazemi, Kianoosh; Abiri, Arash; Zhou, Yongxiao; Rahmani, Amir; Khayat, Rami N.; Liljeberg, Pasi; Khine, Michelle
Publisher: Pergamon Press
Publication year: 2024
Journal: Computers in Biology and Medicine
Journal name in source: Computers in biology and medicine
Journal acronym: Comput Biol Med
Article number: 108679
Volume: 179
ISSN: 0010-4825
eISSN: 1879-0534
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108679
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108679
Sleep staging is a crucial tool for diagnosing and monitoring sleep disorders, but the standard clinical approach using polysomnography (PSG) in a sleep lab is time-consuming, expensive, uncomfortable, and limited to a single night. Advancements in sensor technology have enabled home sleep monitoring, but existing devices still lack sufficient accuracy to inform clinical decisions. To address this challenge, we propose a deep learning architecture that combines a convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory to accurately classify sleep stages. By supplementing photoplethysmography (PPG) signals with respiratory sensor inputs, we demonstrated significant improvements in prediction accuracy and Cohen's kappa (k) for 2- (92.7 %; k = 0.768), 3- (80.2 %; k = 0.714), 4- (76.8 %, k = 0.550), and 5-stage (76.7 %, k = 0.616) sleep classification using raw data. This relatively translatable approach, with a less intensive AI model and leveraging only a few, inexpensive sensors, shows promise in accurately staging sleep. This has potential for diagnosing and managing sleep disorders in a more accessible and practical manner, possibly even at home.
Funding information in the publication:
This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health ( T32GM008620 ), Alzheimer's Association ( 2019-AARGD-NTF-644466 ), and funding from the Samueli Scholar, Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute.
