BACKGROUND: Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence, mortality, regional and sex distribution of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Finland.

METHODS: Data for this population-based study were collected from 1987 to 2018 from the national health and social welfare registers.

RESULTS: There were in total 1634 cases of NTDs, of which 511 were live births, 72 pregnancies ended in stillbirth and 1051 were terminations of pregnancy due to fetal anomaly (TOPFA). The total prevalence of NTDs was 8.6 per 10 000 births and it increased slightly annually (OR 1.008; 95% CI: 1.002, 1.013) during the 32-year study period. The birth prevalence of NTDs decreased (OR 0.979; 95% CI: 0.970, 0.987), but the prevalence of TOPFA increased annually (OR 1.024; 95% CI 1.017, 1.031). The perinatal mortality of NTD children was 260.7 per 1000 births and the infant mortality was 184.0 per 1000 live births, whereas these measures in the general population were 4.6 per 1000 births and 3.3 per 1000 live births, respectively. There was no difference in the NTD prevalence between males and females (P-value 0.77). The total prevalence of NTDs varied from 7.1 to 9.4 per 10 000 births in Finland by region.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of NTDs are preventable with an adequate folic acid supplementation, the total prevalence increased in Finland during the study period when folic acid supplementation was mainly recommended to high-risk families and to women with folic acid deficiency. NTDs remain an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality in Finland.