This review article opens discussion on theories in futures studies by
analyzing survey results from Finland Futures Research Centre and using
the results as an entry point to discussing theoretical lineages found
in the literature. The survey, conducted in 2019, included twenty-four
responses from researchers and postgraduate students. Altogether 192
different theories or theoretical frameworks were identified. Social
science theories and conceptual frameworks were particularly prevalent
in the responses, and the most common recurring themes included systems,
complexity, and anticipation. The responses are discussed in terms of
three levels: philosophy of science, theories of futures studies, and
theories in futures studies. Theories in futures studies are further
divided into theories of action, practices, and behavior; theories of
change; and theories on the micro-, meso-, and macro levels. The results
are contextualized and complemented by proposing five functionally
differentiated theoretical approaches: (1) theories for forecasting, (2)
theories for representing futures, (3) theories for pursuing desired
futures, (4) theories for making sense of anticipatory processes, and
(5) radical epistemological critiques. The analysis is intended to open
discussion on theories rather than provide an exhaustive list of the
most important theories. Nevertheless, we can conclude that the field
has a rich theory base which could be emphasized in futures education
and developed further. It is crucial that actors in the futures field
are aware of the theories that guide them because influential theories
take part in making the future.