G5 Artikkeliväitöskirja
Evolution and control of unethical practices in sales : a study of institutionalized bribery in developing country markets
Tekijät: Ameer Irfan
Kustantaja: University of Turku, Turku School of Economics
Kustannuspaikka: Turku
Julkaisuvuosi: 2019
ISBN: 978-951-29-7842-7
eISBN: 978-951-29-7843-4
Verkko-osoite: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-7843-4
Rinnakkaistallenteen osoite: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-7843-4
Bribery as an unethical sales practice is institutionalized in developing countries causing serious challenges for the smooth operations of multinational companies (MNCs). Therefore, their control is the primary concern for MNCs. Sales ethics and bribery in international business (IB) research largely focus on intra-organizational perspective. This perspective neglects the broader social context to understand and control bribery. Alternatively, institutional work in organization study is rich in investigating the social and dynamic nature of practices. However, this work ignores the invisible aspects of informal institutions, such as bribery. Against this background, the purpose of this research is to investigate the social and emergent nature of unethical practices in sales along with their control in developing country markets. The research builds on multiple theoretical perspectives: practice-based view (PBV); neo-institutional theory; and industrial network theory. The study employs a qualitative approach and the empirical data has been collected from the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan since bribery practices in sales are widely prevailing in this market. This study achieves its goal via four articles. Research starts from a systematic review of existing knowledge in sales ethics. The review in article 1 reveals the need to study unethical behavior from a social practice perspective. As a result, article 1 introduces a PBV and its applications in sales ethics. The second article empirically examines the evolution process of bribery in sales. Findings show that bribery practices socially evolve in a sequential and partly overlapping process of four identifiable stages: early development; chain reaction; legitimization; and revision. The third and the fourth article included in this study emphasize on controlling bribery. The third article is conceptual that introduces a practice-based strategic framework for MNCs to control bribery in developing countries. Finally, the fourth article empirically investigates the nature of invisible pressure of institutionalized bribery and related practices of MNCs to respond. Findings related to the pressure indicate that MNCs closely monitor bribery practices of market actors to make sense of invisible pressure. Results further discover a range of MNCs practices to respond towards such pressure along with practices’ types, focus, objectives and intended actors. Overall this dissertation shifts the focus of sales ethics and bribery in IB research from the dominated intra-organizational view to PBV that helps to understand the social and dynamic nature of corrupt practices and their control. Study open new avenues for institutional work to understand the nature of invisible pressure arising from informal institutions and related organizational responses. Study further offers important implications for organizations and policymakers to understand and control practically significant bribery phenomenon in sales.