Long working hours and depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
: Virtanen M, Jokela M, Madsen IEH, Hanson LLM, Lallukka T, Nyberg ST, Alfredsson L, Batty GD, Bjorner JB, Borritz M, Burr H, Dragano N, Erbel R, Ferrie JE, Heikkila K, Knutsson A, Koskenvuo M, Lahelma E, Nielsen ML, Oksanen T, Pejtersen JH, Pentti J, Rahkonen O, Rugulies R, Salo P, Schupp J, Shipley MJ, Siegrist J, Singh-Manoux A, Suominen SB, Theorell T, Vahtera J, Wagner GG, Wang JL, Yiengprugsawan V, Westerlund H, Kivimaki M
Publisher: Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH)
: 2018
: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health
: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH
: SCAND J WORK ENV HEA
: 44
: 3
: 239
: 250
: 12
: 0355-3140
: 1795-990X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3712
: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/38636184
Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms.
Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies.
Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working >= 55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1-5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I-2 = 45.1%, P=0.004). A strong association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34) or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70-1.29). Differences by other characteristics were small.
Conclusions This observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.
