A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Unfavorable and favorable changes in modifiable risk factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: The Whitehall II cohort study
Authors: Marianna Virtanen, Jussi Vahtera, Archana Singh-Manoux, Marko Elovainio, Jane E. Ferrie, Mika Kivimäki
Publisher: Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Publication year: 2018
Journal: International Journal of Cardiology
Journal name in source: International Journal of Cardiology
Volume: 269
First page : 7
Last page: 12
Number of pages: 6
ISSN: 0167-5273
eISSN: 1874-1754
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.07.005
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/35177908
Background
Few studies have examined long-term associations of unfavorable and favorable changes in vascular risk factors with incident coronary heart disease (CHD). We examined this issue in a middle-aged disease-free population.
Methods
We used repeat data from the Whitehall II cohort study. Five biomedical, behavioral and psychosocial examinations of 8335 participants without CHD produced up to 20,357 person-observations to mimic a non-randomized pseudo-trial. After measurement of potential change in 6 risk factors twice (total cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, overweight, psychological distress, problems in social relationships), a 5-year follow-up of CHD was undertaken.
Results
Incidence of CHD was 7.4/1000 person-years. Increases from normal to high cholesterol (hazard ratio, HR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.26–2.00) and from normal to high blood pressure (HR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.33–2.03), as compared to remaining at the normal level, were associated with increased risk of CHD. In contrast, decreases from high to low levels of cholesterol (HR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.58–0.91), psychological distress (HR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.51–0.90), and problems in social relationships (HR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.85), and quitting smoking (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.82) were associated with a reduced CHD risk compared to remaining at high risk factor levels. The highest absolute risk was associated with persistent exposure to both high cholesterol and hypertension (incidence 18.1/1000 person-years) and smoking and overweight (incidence 17.7/1000 person-years).
Conclusions
While persistent exposures and changes in biological and behavioral risk factors relate to the greatest increases and reductions in 5-year risk of CHD, also favorable changes in psychosocial risk factors appear to reduce CHD risk.
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