Human-deer interactions form an integral segment of the complex social, ecological and economic network that is important to keep in balance. As observed elsewhere, deer introductions can lead to conflict among stakeholders. Compared with deer management in rural areas, however, there is limited information on deer management in urban areas (defined as including peri-urban and semi-rural areas. It is important to investigate what the different local conditions and impacts caused by introduced deer presence in different environments and countries are, and answer the questions: What are the general public attitudes against introduced deer in populated (semi-urban/urban) areas? What factors/impacts are important in shaping these public attitudes? What are the ecological impacts? What might the management solutions be to overcome these impacts? This research was conducted in four countries: Australia, Greece, Sweden and Finland. In Australia and Finland only the social aspects of deer population growth and distribution were studied with the aim to understand differences in attitudes towards deer population presence and development; in Greece both social aspects and feeding behavior were studied, and in Sweden the focus was on forest management and deer feeding preferences. Introduced deer management in all four countries has resulted in intense debate among stakeholders, including landowners, recreational hunters, animal welfare groups, conservation organizations etc. The results give insights into general attitudes on deer, which depend on the balance between positive impacts (game value; aesthetic etc. values) vs. negative impacts (traffic accidents; browsing damage; indirect effects through changes in the abundance of other species such as predators). E.g. the development of positive attitudes toward Australia’s feral deer is contrasted by a simultaneous negative view of them as pests and / or a hunting resource. In Greece, our interviews revealed a general positive attitude of all respondents for deer presence on the study island, and in Finland approximately 90% of the respondents ‘appreciated’ having deer on their properties. The overall problem is uncontrolled introduced deer population spread over suburban territory, and no actual management. Despite the claim that recreational hunters of e.g. Australia serve to control feral deer, deer numbers are increasing, at least near major urban centres such as Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney. Deer-vehicle collisions are one of the major impacts in Australia, Greece and Finland caused by introduced deer populations. Browsing damage was not a major problem, as in e.g. Sweden spruce was the least preferred species and in Finland and Greece people were providing supplemental feeding during winter. Management issues related to introduced deer that need further attention include environmental and hunting legislation/policy, population monitoring (i.e. monitoring translocations, habitat use and feeding behavior), compliance to and enforcement of regulations, and the education and awareness of local communities. The current legislative approach to deer management is predominantly geared toward game hunting, with limited consideration of other values and effects. To underpin the future management of suburban deer, there is a need to involve all major decision makers – all local residents dealing on a daily basis with issues caused by deer. Additional calculations are needed to understand the economic impacts of introduced deer populations. The socioeconomic effects of introduced deer mostly depended on local needs and community awareness and there cannot be a generic approach to management in all situations or for all deer species; however, it is possible to manage deer not as pests but as a part of suburban habitat and culture.