G4 Monograph dissertation
European Country Clusters of Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Isoniemi Henna
Publisher: University of Turku
Publishing place: Turku
Publication year: 2017
ISBN: ISBN 978-951-29-6759-9
eISBN: ISBN 978-951-29-6760-5
Web address : http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6760-5
Self-archived copy’s web address: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6760-5
The purpose of this study is to perform a cross‐country comparison of the
transition‐to‐adulthood patterns and timings of young adults and analyse the
relationship between these patterns and timings. Another aim is to gain new
insight on late transitions and to clarify the concept of incomplete transitions
affecting young Europeans’ life courses. Based on these distinct points of view, the
main goal is to construct transition‐to‐adulthood patterns describing the current
situation in 20 European countries. Transition to adulthood has been widely
discussed as a general subject, but there is a lack of systematic and comparative
empirical research covering the combination of events constituting the transition‐
to‐adulthood process. This study contributes to filling this gap. This is done by using
two main data sets: the European Social Survey (ESS) data set (2006/2007) and the
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC) data set
(2012). Cross‐country statistical data have also been obtained from Eurostat, the
OECD Family Database and the UNECE Statistical Database.
In general, the transition‐to‐adulthood process of all young adults involves leaving
the parental home, entering the labour market, forming a partnership, and
childbearing and childrearing. However, adult status can be achieved through a
number of different routes, the duration of the voyage varies widely and transition
paths are increasingly being replaced by de‐standardised and prolonged ones
which not only take longer to walk through but are also diversified and
individualised. Late and incomplete transitions have also come to stay, and it may
be time to question the role of demographic adulthood markers. It has already
been suggested that the most important markers of adulthood are those that
represent becoming independent from others and learning to stand alone as a self‐
sufficient individual.
The results of this thesis show that there is variation between European countries
in terms of young adults’ transition processes, although similarities can also be
observed. These differences between countries and between the clusters that have
been created are not a surprise: despite the closeness and commonalities of the 20
European countries included in this study, their institutional arrangements,
economies and cultures are diverse. There are also clear differences between the
transition‐to‐adulthood clusters formed in this study and the groupings used in
earlier studies. Country groupings used in previous studies are normally based on a
welfare‐regime‐type model that clusters groups of countries according to a specific
rationale. Ultimately, most of the results of this study indicate that this rationale
does not provide the most suitable approach for building different transition‐to‐
adulthood clusters or models. The results unambiguously show that the indicators
the transition‐to‐adulthood classification is based on have an enormous impact on
transition‐to‐adulthood groupings. The indicators may even prove to be decisive.
Nevertheless, the results of this study clearly indicate that it is difficult to produce
credible and comprehensive generalizations about transition‐to‐adulthood
patterns. The only exception is provided by the Nordic countries (with some minor
exceptions): in spite of the approach used, young adults in these countries seem to
follow quite similar transition patterns. Southern European Portugal and Eastern
European Bulgaria also seem to have many similarities throughout the analyses of
this study.
Since the differences between regions, and even between countries, are rather
substantial, Europeans will almost certainly continue to follow divergent patterns in
their transition‐to‐adulthood processes. Currently, young adults’ transition
processes are more challenging than before as they are being made in a social and
economic context that is extremely insecure and unstable. The effects of the
economic crisis, which began in 2008, have hit young Europeans particularly hard.
This means that the management of transition‐to‐adulthood processes needs to be
improved. At the European level, there are already many good practices to follow.
European heterogeneity, however, makes it very challenging to propose common
guidelines that could be applied in all countries.